Aspirin-its preparation, history and applications Essay

How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing ‘library’ of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the body’s normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. PHASE 1 This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. PHASE 2 After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. PHASE 3 This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. . Purification -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up. ). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420. 5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle. BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). Â  How drugs such as aspirin work Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. How effective aspirin is New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics.

Tilting Windmills: Sanex Tries to Conquer Europe

Course: Marketing Management Case Study: â€Å"Tilting Windmills – Sanex Tries to Conquer Europe 1st Question: What were the reasons for the success of Sanex in Spain? The product Sanex, or moreover the Sanex concept, became a success in Spain because the company responsible for it, CVL, and it’s local President, Mr. Martin Munoz, carried out one of the first rules of Marketing: they invented a Consumer’s need and provided the right answer for it. Mr. Munoz was able to find a gap in the Household and Personal Care (HPC) Market, and namely in the Bath & Shower Products Market, where we could only find, in the mid 1980’s, 2 types of products: Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. After studying this market along with his management team, Mr. Munoz realized that the first ones were perceived as lower end products, abrasive (sometimes giving rashes to its users) and with strong scents, only suitable for cleaning one’s body and not offering additional properties. The second ones were perceived by costumers as being suitable for almost medicinal purposes only, with no day-to-day applicability. Pharmaceuticals were not appealing to the mass consumer, namely because they had no perfume in its composition, besides being rather more expensive than their counterpart ones. We could find Cosmetics in supermarket chains and Pharmaceuticals in pharmacies. In this way, we can say that Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals divided the Bath & Shower Products Market, but in fact these were 2 completely different segments of the Market, with totally different approaches and Marketing Mix, being it in terms of Product, Price, Placement or Publicity. Accordingly, Mr. Munoz realized that there was a huge gap in the Market and thus started developing a product that should position itself between Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals: it should be cleansing as Cosmetics were, but slightly milder, and should offer a protection side as the Pharmaceuticals did. It should embrace the best of those 2 opposite worlds, but should be aimed at the mass consumer market. The result was the creation of Sanex and of a whole new category in the Body Care Market: Dermo-Protectors. The team readily started to develop and fine tune the Marketing Mix of Sanex. 1 Concerning the product in itself, they chose it to be white in order to differentiate itself from cosmetics (colorful) and pharmaceuticals (transparent). Sanex should also be soft and slightly perfumed. Cosmetics had strong perfumes and pharmaceuticals were odorless. Sanex should produce more foam lather than pharmaceuticals, but less than cosmetics. Sanex would ultimately have to provide a day-to-day cleansing function but also a protective effect to ones skin, thus contributing for it to be healthy. A great deal of concern was also taken into account concerning the packaging of the product. In terms of pricing, and regarding the positioning of the product, Sanex should be proposed at a premium price, closely linked with the highest price of its cosmetic counterpart so that it could be reachable by mass consumers. This was considered to be the right price. Another important aspect concerning its large scale availability was distribution, and Sanex was thought out to be available in supermarket chains and retail outlets. Lastly, a great deal of importance was given to the communication aspect. Being a whole new product, produced by a company that was in this market for the first time, Mr. Munoz realized that awareness of the product would be very important so he asked for an advertising campaign that should be adroit and credible, able to convey the message that using Sanex would not only result in a clean skin but also in an healthy skin. This was the Sanex concept. A whole new different concept. With the correct Marketing Mix, Sanex was launched in Spain in 1985 and became a winner almost instantly. Followers appeared with â€Å"substitute† products beginning in 1986, but Mr. Munoz used its 1st mover advantage and continued investment of revenue in strong advertising support, year after year, to ultimately achieve a Share of Voice of 37% in 1990 and continued leading market share throughout those years. 2 2nd Question: Do you think the reasons for success and the strategies used in Spain can migrate to other countries? Being a concept that didn’t exist in many other countries, Sanex had all odds in favor in order to replicate the success it had in Spain in other countries. That way, the reasons for success were all there. In fact, Mr. Munoz was invited by Sara Lee/DE headquarters, the mother company of CVL, based in the Netherlands, to roll out Sanex throughout Europe as a coordinator. Mr. Munoz’s firm beliefs were that the objectives, product policy and marketing policy of introducing Sanex should be identical for all the countries, and replicated exactly as done in Spain. Initially the different subsidiaries in countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, UK and Greece were quite unfavorable, namely due to the name of the brand and product characteristics. In the Netherlands, France and Denmark, management’s disbelief was confirmed by initial market research and local product testing that presented dismal results. However, in time, Sanex proved to be a success in all this markets and the way it got there was by implementing the same strategy and keeping the same product name and identity, as defined by Mr. Munoz. The only country where Sanex failed was in the UK, apparently because it was the only one where local management distorted the original product by changing the product’s name (from Sanex to Sante) and the market strategies accordingly. This way, it appears that Sanex could become a global brand and its marketing mix could be implemented in different countries, with minor adaptations, as illustrated by the stated above. I think this is particularly true in countries such as those in the EU where there is a convergence in terms of buying power, people’s interests/concerns, market structure and distribution channels. Last but not least, if nothing else, the uniqueness of the product/brand/concept should allow it to cut across borders and be managed as a whole.

Curriculum Mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Curriculum Mapping - Essay Example The curriculum mapping helps in improving communication within parents and communities about curriculum and all that every teacher covers. When choosing a lesson topic, one can use the curriculum map by collecting information on what the topic is all about, then going through the information, and then mixing the group reviews after which the teacher determines on the points that can be revised immediately (Hale, 2008). Modification and extensions provide students with avenues of acquiring the contents, which has a sense of ideas, and developing the teaching materials in order for the students. Different learning styles and abilities may also include how students show how they have mastery of concepts. The key to differentia is finding how students can display their learning to meet the required specific needs (Kallick, 2009). Curriculum mapping improves the instruction by laying clear objectives of what are taught to eliminate unnecessary repetitions. It is also allows the objectives to be met in time as well as reflects on the student’s scores in class. Therefore, teachers should always carry out curriculum mapping to make time easy for them as well as making students to grasps things

Accounting and Finance Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Accounting and Finance - Speech or Presentation Example With the increasing globalisation when every country can be seen as an opportunity for the investors the lack of understanding of effective corporate governance can adversely effect the investment intentions of investors.Nowadays corporate governance is seen as the key of attracting investors. Capital flow seems directed towards the companies, which practice fair and transparent ways of governing their organisations. With the changing global business scenario the need of understanding and effective practise of fair and technologically advance corporate governance has also increased. In my speech I will first explain the notion of Corporate Governance then we will have a brief overview of the development of corporate governance codes in the UK and the adaptation of similar codes in the EU.ICAEW (2002) has explained corporate governance in a very effective and comprehensive manner as " Corporate governance is commonly referred to as a system by which organisations are directed and cont rolled. It is the process by which company objectives are established, achieved and monitored. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationships and responsibilities between the board, management, shareholders and other relevant stakeholders within a legal and regulatory framework."There are no hard and fast rules for corporate governance, which can be prescribed for all the countries. ... Accountability of the board to shareholders who have the right to receive information on the financial stewardship of their investment and exercise power to reward or remove the directors entrusted to run the company. Transparency of clear information with which meaningful analysis of a company and its actions can be made. The disclosure of financial and operational information and internal processes of management oversight and control enable outsiders to understand the organisation. Fairness that all shareholders are treated equally and have the opportunity for redress for violation of their rights. According to Meigs et al. (1999) this information meets the needs of users of the information-investors. Creditors, managers, and so on-and support many kinds of financial decision performance evaluation and capital allocation, among others. (P.07) Owen (2001) traces the history of the structure of the British financial system that was shaped by the form which industrialisation took in the 18th and 19th centuries. Following legislative changes in mid-century - principally the Joint Stock Companies Act of 1844 and the Limited Liability Act of 1855 - a growing number of Industrial firms converted themselves from partnerships into limited companies. Some of them remained private, while others chose to have their shares listed, either on one of the provincial stock exchanges or in London. Since than till the decade of decade of 1980s, there was no specific development in the field of Corporate Governance in UK. Tricker (1984) mentioned the same fact as, "In the past there seemed a, no demand for independent supervision or disclosure, no intervention in matters

Marketing in a Foreign Country Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing in a Foreign Country - Case Study Example Therefore, in this case, the paper is going to consider the following products such as men’s neckties in Saudi Arabia, digital cameras in South Africa and men’s shoes in Russia. The aforementioned nations have varied cultures and traditions that may have adverse effects of marketing of products and acquisition of profits. It is also imperative to note that culture affects numerous facets of international trade in the context of rejection from consumers and lack of sales in the market. For example, in South Africa, they believe in the culture called ‘Ubuntu.’ Ubuntu means the art of loving one another through sharing and assistance (Clark, 2008). Therefore, for a business to prosper in a country especially in terms of promotion and advertising, it should factor the aspect of ‘Ubuntu.’ In other words the promotions should lean on the guiding ideals of ‘Ubuntu’ that will motivate consumers to buy the products. Additionally, another fa ctor that would require product change entails the culture of social mores. In South Africa, women are still considered inferior and hence the company that wishes to sell its digital cameras should employ more men than women to attract more customers. However, when it comes to men’s neckties in Saudi Arabia, it is a different case. ... On that aspect, sale of men’s ties should mostly be targeted at the foreigners who are exempted from the rigid dress code. Alternatively, these neckties should be accompanied by long trousers and shirts that make the wearer decent by covering the upper torso. This suggests in the context of packing size the men’s neckties should come with additional shirts and long trousers to compliment the decency. Furthermore, in terms of promotion and advertising in the media, Saudi Arabia has a limited freedom of the press and the expression of opinion in public. In other words, when the foreign company is making its advertisements, it should not arouse conflicts of traditional Islamic values. These include questioning the role of women in Saudi Arabia such as encouraging them to also buy men’s ties. When it comes to Russia and its sale of men’s shoes, there are varied cultures that would affect packaging size, promotion, and advertising. For instance, it is essential to observe that Russia has a rich culture that dates to many centuries with significant achievements. On that account, the dress code is much respected especially in the business context and hence its promotion consists of different things. Therefore, for a foreign company to succeed in Russia, it is crucial to observe shoes supposed to be highly polished at all times. Additionally, men are required to wear business suits that depict formality and conservatism (Nickles, 2008). This suggests that the packaging size of men’s shoes should also come with complimenting men’s suits. However, in terms of promotion, it should not so business. Russians dislike people who are so business and hence it should be made friendly and casual. Additionally, when conducting an advertisement

Presentation reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation reaction - Essay Example In the minds of this reviewer, perhaps the greatest strength that the presentation provided was the fact that it was able to integrate with the listener the understanding of how technology has positively affected the ability of the individual to communicate remotely such that they were unable to do in previous years. Undoubtedly, this has caused a large increase in the efficiency and availability of key decision makers regardless of where they might be at any particular point in time. By allowing these shareholders to take their work with them even when they are on the road, it is possible for them to assume a higher degree of responsibility. An additional benefit that the discussion presents is the fact that dependence upon cell phones and other related equipment does not hurt productivity due to the fact that the reachability plus dual and multifunctional nature that these devices represent allow individuals to utilize them during meetings and other such situations to both take notes and engage with other forms of work. However, the greatest weakness that the presentation did not specifically discuss was the fact that an over dependence upon technology and its application to affect communication via alternative means rather than direct or face to face has meant that a certain amount of efficiency and relationship building potential is lost. It is difficult to quantify this as a determinate measurement; however, it is reasonable to assume that as more and more people become increasingly dependent and bound to these means of expression, the ability and level to which they are able to intimate these ideas in a traditional means will necessarily become weakened; if for no other reason than due to the lack of practice of traditional means of communication that they will practice. The presentation itself was effective in integrating the basic

Promoting a Healthy Housing Environment for the Older People Article

Promoting a Healthy Housing Environment for the Older People - Article Example The government visualizes the board as the main point in making decisions concerning the wellbeing and the local health (Cattan & Tilford, 2013, p. 3). Â  Houses developed for the older people in Devon are designed to enable older people to achieve greater independence and for their wellbeing. This is because they live freely in their own apartments that are designed and suitable for their conditions. There are a variety of housing options and care option. Some of the features that are prone in those houses are; the houses are accessible, this is because they designed for independent older people including those that are not physically fit. They are provided with Tele-care services where the majority of them run for twenty-four hours. These people do ensure and monitor their steps to ensure their wellbeing. There are provided with benefits such as communal services (Cattan & Tilford, 2013, p. 3). Â  The houses are usually cost friendly and so the majority of older people is able to afford them. There are also located in secure places. Their landlords, managing the house are professionals that are able to handle their business with the old people. The service providers, the tenant, the landlord and the Tele-care people are all human friendly, therefore, the environment is usually friendly for the elderly (Wahl, 2010, p. 13). Â  

Analyse a discourses in 'Discourses and Variation' subject Essay - 1

Analyse a discourses in 'Discourses and Variation' subject - Essay Example These talk back methods enable community involvement and discussion of interactional energy with instructors through conversation (Williams, 2004). User review of retail methods illustrates SNS interactions prospective subversion of straight interaction of energy and equalizing instructor and school student accessibility details statements. This review supports statements about the machine-mediated interaction approach (Facebook) to democratize interaction through filtering cues denoting community hierarchies. Learners who could not otherwise criticize educators educational methods in experience to deal with get in touch with for fear of sanction, found in Facebook a safe way to query them. RP posts, ‘I do not care if pain WAS useful to get details. It still goes against the Geneva Conference agreement, and is an obvious attack on individual privileges. What is this world coming to? We’re SUPPOSED to be the excellent people, but the way I look at it we are not doing a very excellent job of displaying it. Torture is incorrect. 100 %. No validation.’ MR posts, â€Å"bunch of generous pansies †¦ do you really experience concern for the same people that blew up a part of our country? Do you think these ‘people’ (and I used that term loosely) would stop to consider what they are (and did) to our prisoners? †¦ I say whatever happens to them is much less than they are entitled to †¦.† PS declares, â€Å"†¦ (of course there are the exclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and even goes to unite himself with team associates by asking, â€Å"†¦ what does [sic] people like us have to concern over issues of this nature?† a participant preserves this design of discussion. QK â€Å"It is not anyone here is [sic] job to persuade you that you are incorrect, but if you are here to task the GROUP’s opinions, back it up. Oh, and cut down on the terminology — AND learn how to perform magic. I think what it comes down to is to THINK before you write,

Positivism and Interpretivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positivism and Interpretivism - Essay Example While positivism deals with the ideation of a plan and research concept, interpretivism is a function of perception in the philosophical context. They have been further defined and described in terms of epistemology and ontology as follows. Epistemology: Being related to philosophy, epistemology, through the definition of theories and concepts, depends on the presentation and perception of knowledge. Thus, as far as understanding knowledge is concerned, this field follows a subjective point of view and shares similarities with ontology. With the use of tools for interpretation, the use of epistemology depends on a body of ready to use knowledge rather than new knowledge creation, which gives it an interpretive outlook, making it different from ontology. (Duberley et al, 2000) In order to use various generalisations that have to do with facts, and beliefs, this field makes use of a philosophical perspective with a leaning towards reasoning and logic where findings of analysis need to be justified through statistical means. (Johnson et al, 2000) For example, the use of a LAWSEQ Questionnaire to study the self esteem level of students is the use of epistemology. Ontology: Being more objective in nature than epistemology is the first difference between the two. As ontology depends more on gathering first hand data, it adheres to the positivism approach as far as the use of philosophy and structuring of knowledge is concerned. It comes up with greater depth of research than epistemology due to the fact that it studies the hypothesis from the perspective of new data thus giving it a positivist approach and greater scope. The parameters that arise in this course are also different which give the generalisations a more accurate and deeper ring. (Duberley et al, 2000) (Johnson et al, 2000) For example, the use of literature in order to prove a hypothesis and garner data is based in ontology. Positivism Vs Interpretivism Epistemology and ontology are basically research designs that help in the collection, interpretation and analysis of facts for further presentation. It gives a structure to the vast knowledge base that one deals with during research and is thus philosophical in nature. Positivism and Interpretivism are the philosophical tools that are used in this regard. (Duberley et al, 2000) While ontology uses the objective way out, epistemology tends to incline towards the subjective thus making it more philosophical in nature. Ontology on the other hand that deals with and presents knowledge on the basis of hardcore facts and analysis from scratch. With a more objective outlook, ontology depends on the positivist approach in depicting facts while epistemology depends on using an already existing field of knowledge for analysis. (Lango, 1972) Research areas are better defined with the use of epistemology or the interpretivist point of view due to the fact that it depends on well researched work from the past where the data is simply customised for varied uses by various researchers. The writing and research method are an outcome of the various philosophical perspectives that individual researchers tend to follow. This gives it an interpretivist outlook as it is more subjective in nature. Epistemology manages to make best use of various philosophical perspectives within its research definition and design owing to its interpretivist approach as far as knowledge structuring and philosophy are concerned.

W 3 Legal Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

W 3 Legal Topic - Essay Example use managed care organizations have over the years served as a consortium of organizations that use various managed care techniques to bring both affordable care and quality care to care users (Svorny, 2011). Whiles playing their role, there ethical and legal responsibilities that managed care organizations become bounded to. From the article of Leslie (1994), it would be noted that the application of ethical and legal principles go hand in hand. When arguing for whether or not managed care organization must be shielded from liability when utilization review results in an adverse event, it is important to consider both sides of the argument, namely ethical and legal. From an ethical perspective, one would notice that once managed care organizations agree to be responsible for the health care of patients, they set delimitations that have to with the fact that they do not become the direct care givers. Rather, the managed care organizations employ the services of health care service providers to give care. Meanwhile, adverse event can be noted to be a health risks that occurs at the point of reception of care. According to the National Health Directorate, adverse event is considered an ethical issue that occurs at the time of receiving care from a professional (Kesselheim and Brennan, 2013). What this means is that when utilization review results in an adverse event, it is the professional health care provider that is to blame rather than the facilitator of the care. From this perspective, it can be argued that indeed managed care organization need to be shielded from ethical based liabilities that has to do with adverse event. From a legal perspective also, it is always important to ask the question of what the regulations state (Leslie, 1994). Leslie (1994) actually noted that the contractual provisions of managed care organizations set an indemnity clause that attempts to establish their lack of liability. The basis for this legal provision is that in most of

Rational Choice Theory Essay Example for Free

Rational Choice Theory Essay A Significant theory to me will be the Rational Choice theory. This theory explains how people make decisions by seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal; to maximize personal advantage by weighing costs against benefits without moral or ethical values. It is a popular theory as it is an efficient system that explains and predicts a behavior of a person, and to larger extent, a collective group of people. Understanding this theory would allow a person to understand quickly how decisions are made, and the impact of the decisions on a society — how it functions and performs economically. Based on this theory, people’s measured decisions are often calculated based on financial benefits and costs. Singapore, by and large, has functioned on this theory, which has benefited from this tool of measurement and prospered since the days of nation building. However, this theory will work perfectly only if everyone in the society shares the same values, had perfect information, and the ability to make the most rational decisions at any point in time. People living in a society with homogenous values, such as Singapore, have similar behavioural patterns, which enable this theory to work. However, on a global scale, this theory will no longer work as peoples’ values are varied and culturally diverse. The most rational choice for one man might be an irrational choice for another. And when this occurs, there will be unpredictability and the results that follow can be disastrous. The Great Financial Crisis is a good example of the rational choice theory gone awry. Financial institutions’ goal is to maximize profits. To maximize profits, financial institutions have to find ways to create profits. One of these methods was to get creative with offering mortgage to people who wanted to own homes. Credit terms were made easy and the securities in place to safeguard the process were ignored. These consolidated loans were sold to big investment banks which resold them as securities offering high returns. Credit agencies working for these investment banks told investors’ that securities were safe. Selling a financial product based on a large group on loans was supposed to limit the risk if a few loans went bad. However, a large number of loans, later known as toxic, were borro wed by individuals with no financial means. Furthermore, many of these loans were offered in the form of adjustable rate mortgage, which started out with an initial period of low interest rate, and later ballooned up to three times the initial rate. All these borrowers were saddled with a monthly mortgage payment way beyond their monthly income. To make matters worse, the sprint to own a house on such easy terms had created a housing bubble, causing house prices to escalate astronomically. This phenomenon further pushed people to borrow way beyond their means. Consequently, millions of homeowners were unable to repay their mortgage loans. The financial institutions disregarded moral and ethical values to draw up shady credit schemes. Consolidated mortgages were bundled in with the toxic ones and resold for profits. Individuals felt the need to buy a house simply because everyone else was buying a house without the discretion of affordability and the hyper-inflated housing prices. Ea ch acted on imperfect knowledge to maximize personal benefits and disregard moral and ethical values. Rational choice theory can be an efficient method as a decision-making tool to attain goals, but it is definitely too simple an application on a macro context. To make a good decision, one has to balance cost-benefit analysis with moral and cultural factors.

Explore the range of linguistic and stylistic effects Essay Example for Free

Explore the range of linguistic and stylistic effects Essay Remind yourself of Act II Scene I beginning with the first speech by Owen, Now where have we got to? to the end of Hughs speech, Gentlemen. [he leaves]. Explore the range of linguistic and stylistic effects used here by Friel to bring out the central themes and issues of the play. In the play Translations Brian Friel explores many issues, one of which is the process of naming. The play is based on the introduction of the first Ordnance Survey, bringing with it the inevitability of anglicizing place names. In the extract naming is emphasised by constant references to various places in Ireland, and their English equivalents; for example Bun na hAbhann Burnfoot! . The link between a place and historical events is also emphasised; And you place names-what was the one we came across this morning? -Termon, from Terminus, the god of boundaries. The theme of naming is very closely linked to the loss which occurs as a result. As place names are anglicized, something is lost. Communities such as Baile Beag lose their cultural and political identities, and the original meaning is distorted. Friel used the theme of naming to highlight this loss of identity within the Irish community. The importance of names is also stressed in the repetition of place names: Owen: Bun na hAbhann Yolland: Again Owen: Bun na hAbhann Yolland: Bun na hAbhann Friel uses mapping, both literally and metaphorically, in order to convey his ideas. The actual mapping for the Ordnance Survey is maintained by Owens constant gesture of referring to the map which he and Yolland are working from. This is shown in the stage direction Owen returns to the map. Gestures such as this are used to great effect by Friel. Mapping is used metaphorically through Hughs speech, where, using the semantic field of geography, he talks of a linguistic contour and landscape of fact. The metaphor of codes is also used by Friel to express the complexity of language, and to express the idea that although one may learn a language, the true language of a community and the secrets which it holds are often difficult to decode. However, Friel does offer some hope, as Owen, Manus and Hugh have all learnt to decode the English language. Hugh is a character who, although is slightly self-deluded, is also a learned person. He speaks with intelligence, and always in Standard English; I like to think we endure around truths immemorially posited. Hugh often uses linguistic terms, such as a syntax opulent with tomorrows, and makes use of an analogy-you dont dispose of the cow just because it has produced a magnificent calf, do you? -in order to communicate his message to Yolland. Hugh is an educated man, who uses many literary features in his everyday speech, and is one of the few characters who realises Irelands inevitable future. This shows Friels desire to emphasise the importance of education for the new, modern world.

Heart transplant: An overview

Heart transplant: An overview Introduction Heart transplant is a transplant procedure surgery where the malfunctioning heart or end-stage heart-related disease are replaced by a function heart. Indeed, this is a very complicated, risky and time-consuming operation since it needs a function heart from the person who has just died and implant it into the patient. It is usually done in emergencies and to find a donor heart is difficult. Have you ever thought of how was the first heart transplant done? Who was actually the first person in the world that conducted this sound seemed â€Å"impossible† surgery? Who was the first courageous patient who willing to put his life in such a great risk? And have you ever wondered how exciting it would be to cause a breakthrough in medical world that could end up saving millions of lives from all over the world? This great success was from a heart surgeon, Dr. Christiaan (Neethling) Barnard from South Africa. He was the first person who carried out a human-to-human heart transplant on December 3, 1967 in Cape Town, South Africa. It was done at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town on Louis Washkansky, a South African grocer who would most certainly die without the heart transplant. Meanwhile, the donor was from a young woman, Denise Darvell who was killed in an accident. The heart transplant surgery had surprised the whole world. Dr. Christiaan (Neethling) Barnard also became a well-known heart surgeon overnight. Besides heart transplant, he had other astonishing achievement in kidney transplant and gastrointestinal pathology. Dr. Barnard is also attributed in mounting a new design for artificial heart valves, doing heart transplanting on animals, and correcting the problem of the blood supply to the fetus during pregnancy. With the efforts of Dr. Barnard and his surgical team, the survival rates of 50% of the patients to at least 5 years of living after heart surgery. Background of Christiaan Barnard Christiaan Barnard was born in Beaufort West, Union of South Africa on 8 November 1922.[1] His father, Adam Barnard was a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church for the mixed race population of the town. When he was a child, he always pumped the bellows of the churchs primitive organ which his mother played during services. After a long time, he told a joke that the heart was not the first organ he had had to deal with in his life. One of his four brothers, Abrahim died at the age of five because of the heart problem. After that incident, Barnard determined to be a surgeon to help people who faced heart problem since he was young. Christiaan Barnard came from a very poor family and he studied at the local public school. He matriculated from the Beaufort West School in 1940. After that, Barnard got a place at the University of Cape Town Medical School. He obtained Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in medicine at the University of Cape Town in 1946. He worked as a general practitioner in Ceres, South Africa when he was a resident doctor at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. In 1951, he returned to Cape Town and worked as a Senior Resident Medical Officer at the City Hospital. Besides, he was also a registrar in the Department of Medicine at the Groote Schuur Hospital. Since Christiaan Barnard was interested in his research and gaining a new surgical skills and experiences, he furthered his postgraduate studies at the University of Cape Town and at the University of Minnesota. He acquired Master of Medicine in medicine for a dissertation entitled Meningitis† from the University of Cape Town in 1953[2] whereas he was awarded Doctor of Philosophy degree for his dissertation entitled The aetiology of congenital intestinal atresia at the University of Minnesota. [3]After that, he went back to South Africa to be a cardiothoracic heart surgeon. Before he left for America (1953-1955), Barnard had gained recognition for research in gastrointestinal pathology. He proved that the fatal birth defect known as congenital intestinal atresia (a gap in the small intestines) was due to the fetus receiving an inadequate supply of blood during pregnancy and that it could be remedied by a surgical procedure. [4] He was a specialist in cardiothoractic surgery and heart transplantation. His first successful open heart surgery program is at Groote Shuur Hospital. In 1967, he led a team to perform in the worlds first human-to-human heart transplant. Barnard was contributed the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as the Tetralogy of Fallot and Ebsteins anomaly. In 1972, he was promoted to be Professor of Surgical Science in the Department of Surgery at the University Of Cape Town. He got an appellation Professor Emeritus in 1984. Christiaan Barnards advances in heart surgery brought him honors from a host of foreign medical societies, governments, universities, and philanthropic (charitable) institutions. He had also been presented many honors, including the Dag Hammarskjold International Prize and Peace Prize, the Kennedy Foundation Award, and the Milan International Prize for Science. Since 1960, Christiaan Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis (a severe swelling of the joints). This limited his surgical experimentation in later years. As a result, he turned to writing novels as well as books on health, medicine, and South Africa. At the same time, he also served as a scientific consultant. Christiaan Barnard died on September 2, 2001, when he was seventy-eight years old. Contributions of Christiaan Barnard in Science Doctor Barnard with some of his medical team 1. Proof Of The Fatal Birth Defect Christiaan Barnard showed that the fatal birth defect that was known as congenital intestinal atresia was a gap in the small intestines. The fetus did not receive sufficient blood during pregnancy cause the defect.[5] This research made him being recognised in gastrointestinal pathology which is about intestinal diseases. Besides, he also proved that surgical procedure could treat this condition. 2. Heart Transplantation Christiaan Barnard was a pioneering cardiac surgeon but his advances were based on work that came before him. The first use of hypothermia in 1952 and the introduction of a heart-lung machine in 1953 were crucial important for his advances. In 1960, these advances which combined with other techniques enabled him to undergo the first heart operation. Ø The First Heart Transplantation Preparation for the first heart transplant Upon he returned to South Africa, he introduced open-heart surgery and designed artificial valves for the human heart. During 1967, in the preparation for the first heart transplantation, he spent 3 months with the pioneer kidney transplant surgeon who was David Hume in Richmond, Virginia and another 2 weeks with Thomas Starzl in Denver, Colorado. He learnt the basics of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation from these attachments. Furthermore, he got the chance to watch an orthotopic heart transplant on a dog which was performed by Richard Lower, head of cardiac surgery when he was at the Medical College of Virginia. Lower spent many years with Norman Shumway at Stanford University to develop, perfect the surgical technique and study other kinds of experimental heart transplantation. In addition, Christiaan Barnard underwent a single kidney transplant in Cape Town was to gain some experience about immunosuppressive therapy. The patient did exceptionally well. Therefore, Barnard claimed that he was the only kidney transplant surgeon in the world with a 100% 20-year patient and graft survival. The First Patient—Louis Washkansky Making history: The First Patient Louis Washkansky After a decade of heart surgery, Christiaan Barnard was ready to accept the challenge posed by the human heart transplantation. In 1967, he performed the first human-to-human orthotopic heart transplant in his patient, Louis Washkansky who was a fifty four years old patient, suffering from extensive coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and also diabetic. He could either wait for death or risk transplant surgery with an 80% chance of surviving. He at last chose the surgery. As Barnard wrote, For a dying man it is not a difficult decision because he knows he is at the end. If a lion chases you to the bank of a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into the water convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side. But you would never accept such odds if there were no lion. [6] On December 2, 1967, Washkanskys heart was replaced by the heart of a young woman killed in an accident. Barnards assistants immediately opened the chest, initiated pump-oxygenator support, cooled the heart to a low temperature, and excised it once medicolegal official announced that the young woman was dead. The heart was kept alive in a heart-lung machine that circulated Washkanskys blood before removing the patients diseased organ and replacing it with the healthy heart. All the procedures were run well and the heart functioned satisfactorily by using the technique which was developed in dogs by the Stanford group[7]. Washkanskys daily progress was followed intensely. In the beginning, he recovered very well. His peripheral edema was lost rapidly as his new heart functioned strongly. However, after 12 days, his condition started to deteriorate and his lungs were developed radiographic infiltrates. The surgical team was not sure if these were associated with cardiac failure from rejection or with infection. Mistakenly, they elected to treat for rejection and intensify the immunosuppressive therapy. They made a wrong decision because Washkansky had pneumonia. As a result, Louis Washkansky died on December 21, 1967. Ø The second patient—Philip Blaiberg Not daunted by the failure, within a year, Christiaan Barnard replaced the diseased heart of Philip Blaiberg who was a fifty eight years old retired dentist. On this occasion, Barnard slightly modified the surgical technique. The incision in the right atrium of the donor heart was extended from the inferior vena cava into the atrial appendage to avoid the area of the sinus node at the root of the superior vena cava.[8] This is the first time when antilymphocyte serum was used in the patient. After heart transplantation, Blaiberg recovered well and he was the first heart transplant patient who can leave hospital. Nevertheless, he died on the 19th month. His autopsy showed that he infected a severe and widespread coronary artery disease. The medical profession was shocked because he had not expected that atherosclerosis could develop such rapidly. This was the first example of graft atherosclerosis, otherwise known as chronic rejection that now dominates as the major cause of graft failure after the first post transplant year. Blaiberg wrote a short book about his experience which was Looking At My Heart[9] before he died. Ø Twin-Heart Operation Christiaan Barnard performed a twin-heart surgery in the year 1974, November 25 as the history of medical had been changed by him again. The only infected part of heart of Ivan Taylor (58 years old) was being removed and replaced with the heart of a child who was only 10 years old. The heart of the child was used to support the patients diseased organ. Although Barnard was confident in this new operation since this was less dangerous compared to the heart implantation, the patient passed away in four- month time. Double transplants was included in twin-heart operation by combining a well heart to the patients heart to produce a double pump, manipulating synthetic heart valves and making the lives of seriously ill people longer by using monkeys hearts. Ø Orthotopic heart transplantation Barnards medical team had only performed ten orthotopic heart transplants between the year 1967 and 1973.[10] The results were outstanding even though the medical standards last time were not as high as todays, as one considers the ancient nature of the immunosuppressive therapy accessible at the time which are mainly azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antilymphocyte serum, and the team was not expert enough in diagnosing and treating rejection episodes since they did not have many experiences in these aspects. Dirk Van Zyl who was the sixth patient was notable in orthotopic heart transplant. His ischemic heart disease was too bad that he had a cardiac arrest when he was anesthesia.[11] At the time of giving external cardiac massage, he was attached to the pump-oxygenator via cannulation of the femoral vessels. He made an ordinary healing from the heart transplant surgery. He did not receive any cyclosporine, only being maintained on azathioprine and prednisone. He died when he was 24 years old from a cerebrovascular accident. Ø Heterotopic heart transplantation Jaques Losman, a junior surgeon, was being set by Barnard on his team in order to develop a surgical technique of heterotopic heart transplantation. This is a kind of transplantation where the second heart is located in the chest and the two hearts have the chance to work in parallel. There are two techniques were successfully developed in the laboratory, in one of which the donor heart help the left ventricle only and another in which biventricular support was offered[12]. Only two left ventricular assist procedures were carried out in patients, the remaining processes were related to biventricular assist. Forty-nine following heterotopic heart transplants were done in Cape Town between 1974 and 1983 with rather excellent results for that period. 3 out of the first 5 of patients managed to live more than 10 years. Two 14-year-old boys, both of whom firstly received heterotopic transplants, went through second (orthotopic) heart transplants for joining atherosclerosis, and were thus the first patients in the world to have two donor hearts in their chest at the same time. The first of these two boys stays alive and healthy 20 years more. In the other, the second transplant also finally failed and he underwent a third graft, again in the orthotopic site, and therefore turned into one of the few humans to have had four hearts in his life-time. One of the advantages of heterotopic heart transplantation was that information on the retrenchment of both the recipient and donor left ventricles could be supplied by an outer pulse trace. The changes in the ratio of these two pulses as the donor pulse deteriorating in relation to the recipient pulse, recommended that rejection was happening.[13] Increase immunosuppressive therapy could then be controlled. If there were any doubts, an endomyocardial biopsy could be performed. The other hypothetical benefit is that, in patients with a severe myocarditis, the back-up that given by the transplant might allow the myocarditis to resolve and the patients own heart to recover. In fact, this had happened in one patient, making it feasible to remove the transplanted heart while it developed a fairly acute rejection episode. Ø Xenotransplantation The heterotopic heart is able to provide temporary circulatory support to a failing native heart, in the hope that the native heart would recover, was extended into the realm of xenotransplantation.[14] On two occasions in 1977, when a patients left ventricle failed acutely after routine open heart surgery and when no human donor organ was available, Barnard transplanted an animal heart heterotopically. On the first occasion, a baboon heart was transplanted, but this failed to support the circulation sufficiently, the patient dying some 6 hours after transplantation. In the second patient, a chimpanzee heart successfully maintained life until irreversible rejection occurred 4 days later, the recipients native heart having failed to recover during this period. Barnard abandoned further attempts at xenotransplantation since, in his own words, â€Å"I became too attached to the chimpanzees.†ÃƒËœ Hypothermic perfusion storage of the donor heart A young biochemist working in Barnards department, Winston Wicomb, a hypothermic perfusion system was developed for storing hearts ex vivo for up to 48 hours. It proved possible to remove a baboons heart, store it by hypothermic perfusion for 24 or 48 hours, and then replace it in the original baboon, the baboon having been maintained alive during this period by an orthotopic cardiac allograft. With the success of this storage system in the laboratory, Barnard encouraged his juniors to use it in the clinical transplant program. This phenomenon of delayed function, suggesting temporary depletion of myocardial energy stores, was believed to be related to the fact that, whereas in the baboon experiments the heart had been removed from a healthy anesthetized animal, in the clinical situation the heart had been excised from a brain-dead subject. 3. Books Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis since he was young, and advancing stiffness in his hands forced his retirement from surgery in 1983. He took up writing, however, and wrote a cardiology text, a (sometimes sensational) autobiography, and several novels, including a thriller about organ transplants. Christiaan Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book, One Life, was published in 1969 and subsequently sold copies worldwide. Some of the proceeds were used to set up the Chris Barnard Fund for research into heart disease and heart transplants in Cape Town. His second autobiography, The Second Life, was published in 1993. Apart from his autobiographies, Dr Barnard also wrote several other books including The Donor, Your Healthy Heart, In The Night Season, The Best Medicine, Arthritis Handbook: How to Live With Arthritis, Good Life Good Death: A Doctors Case for Euthanasia and Suicide, South Africa: Sharp Dissection, 50 Ways to a Healthy Heart and Body Machine.[15] Christiaan Barnard had influenced much in the current scientific knowledge. His first heart transplant done in 1967 had contributed a lot in the knowledge of heart transplant. In December 1967, Dr. Barnard placed the heart of a 25-year-old woman who had died in an auto accident in the chest of Louis Washkansky, a 55-year-old man dying of heart damage. Barnard and his team of cardiac specialists gave the patient large doses of drugs in order to suppress the bodys defense mechanism that would normally reject a foreign organism. However, Washkanskys body was unable to defend itself against infection and only survived for 18 days.[16] However, Washkanskys brave election to be the first heart transplant recipient had proved the technique feasible. After Barnards successful operations, surgeons in Europe and the United States began performing heart transplants, improving upon the procedures first used in South Africa. Despite many failures worldwide in heart transplant, this relative success did much to generate guarded optimism that heart transplantation might eventually become a feasible therapeutic option. Barnard then developed the operation of heterotrophic heart transplantation which had some benefits in the pre-cyclosporine era when immunosuppressive therapy was very limited. In 1981, his group was the first in successfully transporting donor hearts using a hypothermic perfusion storage device. Several studies on the hemodynamic and metabolic sequelae of brain death were carried out in his Departments cardiovascular research laboratories at the University of Cape Town. The concept of hormonal replacement therapy in organ donors was also developed. In the Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, an active heart transplant program still continues. The thrust of clinical activity within the Division and the research within its state-of-the-art cardiovascular research laboratories is now directed towards valvular and ischaemic heart which are common in the African population.[17] Dr. Barnard had learned much of his technique from studying with the Stanford group. This first clinical heart transplantation experience stimulated world-wide notoriety, and many surgeons quickly co-opted the procedure. However, because many patients were dying soon after, the number of heart transplants dropped from 100 in 1968, to just 18 in 1970. It was recognized that the major problem was the bodys natural tendency to reject the new tissues. Advances in tissue typing and immunosuppressant drugs Over the next 20 years, important advances in tissue typing and immunosuppressant drugs allowed more transplant operations to take place and increased patients survival rates. The most notable development in this area was the discovery of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug derived from soil fungus, in the mid 1970s. It was the first immunosuppressive drug that allowed the selective immuneregulation of T cells without excessive toxicity. Todays surgical techniques and procedures are more sophisticated. Refinements in patient selection, newer immunosuppressants, better myocardial protection, and the use of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy to identify rejection have resulted in better survival rates. After his breakthrough, he continued to work with a professional passion that excited the public and frightened his colleagues. He was the first to explore further cardiac techniques. These included double transplants which involved the of joining a healthy heart to the patients to create a double pump, designing artificial heart valves and using monkeys hearts to keep ill people alive. [18] Following the determination of Dr. Barnard, coronary assist devices and mechanical heartsare being developed to perform the functions of live tissues. Since the 1950s, artificial hearts have been under development. A booster pump was first implanted successfully as a temporary assist device in 1966. Barnard made medical history again when he performed a twin-heart operation in 1974, which is seven years after his first heart transplant. This time, he only removed the diseased part of the heart of a 58-year-old man and replaced it with the heart of a 10-year-old child. The donor heart acted as a booster and back-up for the patients disease-ravished organ.[19] However, the patient died within four months even though Barnard was optimistic about this new operation which he believed was less radical than a total implantation. Conclusion Barnard retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing rheumatoid arthritis in his hands, which prevented him from operating. At the time of his retirement, Barnard investigated the controversial â€Å"rejuvenation† therapy offered by the Clinique La Prairie in Switzerland. In particular, he received considerable adverse publicity over his comments with regard to an anti-ageing skin cream, known as Glycel, which was intended to reduce wrinkling. Barnard was also invited to act as a consultant at Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City where a new heart transplant program was being planned. In later life spending much of his time at the Baptist Medical Centre in Oklahoma, where he tried to find a way of slowing the ageing process. It seemed he was searching for a miracle to match his first. Despite the problems and techniques faced, Barnard continued to further his knowledge and researches in heart transplant. This has become a n inspiration to the others in the aim to perform more successful heart transplant. The hard-work of Dr. Barnard and his team will be memorized by people forever. Reference 1. Barnard, Christiaan. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3437500078.html 2. Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard 3. Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 4. Christiaan N. Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_02/ewb_02_00449.html 5. Christiaan Barnard Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Barnard-Christiaan.html 6. Dr Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Dr%20Christiaan%20Barnard.asp Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 8. Heart Transplant, History of Heart Transplantation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cs/pat/hearttx/history.html 9. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3266367g54588th/. Retrieved 24.8.2009. 10. BBC News | HEALTH | Christiaan Barnard: Single-minded surgeon. (2001). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1470356.stm 11. Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnard 12. Lower, R.R., Shumway, N.E. (1960). Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum, 11, pp. 18-20. 13. Barnard, C.N. (1968). What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 56, pp. 457-468. 14. Blaiberg, P. (1969). Looking at my heart. London: Heinemann. 15. Cooper, D.K.C., Lanza, R.P. (1984). Heart transplantation at the University of Cape Town—an overview (appendix). In Cooper, D.K.C. Lanza, R.P. (Eds.), Heart transplantation (pp. 351-360). Lancaster: MTP Press. 16. Brink, J. (1996). Twenty-three year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation [letter]. J Heart Lung Transplant,15, pp. 430-431. 17. Barnard, C.N., Losman, J.G. (1975). Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J, 49, pp. 303-312. 18. Novitzky, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Rose, A.G., Barnard,C.N. (1984). The value of recipient heart assistance during severe acute rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Surg, 25, pp. 287-295. 19. Barnard, C.N., Wolpowitz, A., Losman, J.G. (1977). Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J, 52, pp. 1035-1039. 20. Cooper, D.K.C. (2001). Christiaan Barnard and his contributions to heart transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 20 (6), 599-610. 21. Brink, J. G., Cooper, D.K.C. (2005). Heart transplantation: The contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital. World Journal of Surgery, 29 (8), 953-961. 22. (Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005; Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005) [1] Barnard, Christiaan. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3437500078.html [2] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard [3] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 [4] Christiaan N. Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_02/ewb_02_00449.html [5] Christiaan Barnard Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Barnard-Christiaan.html [6] Dr Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Dr%20Christiaan%20Barnard.asp [7] Lower, R.R., Shumway, N.E. (1960). Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum, 11, pp. 18-20. [8] Barnard, C.N. (1968). What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 56, pp. 457-468. [9] Blaiberg, P. (1969). Looking at my heart. London: Heinemann. [10] Cooper, D.K.C., Lanza, R.P. (1984). Heart transplantation at the University of Cape Town—an overview (appendix). In Cooper, D.K.C. Lanza, R.P. (Eds.), Heart transplantation (pp. 351-360). Lancaster: MTP Press. [11]Brink, J. (1996). Twenty-three year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation [letter]. J Heart Lung Transplant,15, pp. 430-431. [12] Barnard, C.N., Losman, J.G. (1975). Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J, 49, pp. 303-312. [13] Novitzky, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Rose, A.G., Barnard,C.N. (1984). The value of recipient heart assistance during severe acute rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Surg, 25, pp. 287-295. [14] Barnard, C.N., Wolpowitz, A., Losman, J.G. (1977). Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J, 52, pp. 1035-1039. [15] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 [16] Heart Transplant, History of Heart Transplantation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cs/pat/hearttx/history.html [17] (Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005; Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005) [18] BBC News | HEALTH | Christiaan Barnard: Single-minded surgeon. (2001). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1470356.stm [19] Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnard

Healthcare is a Fundamental Right Essay -- ObamaCare

How a person envisions healthcare usually reflects a persons attitude towards â€Å"right or privilege†, if they view it from a humanitarian or a financial perspective weighs heavy on how that question is answered. As a Christian who is anti-abortion, the choice of whether healthcare is a â€Å"right or a privilege† is straightforward; healthcare is a fundamental right. Babies are human; we do not lose compassion for them just because they grow older. In a moral modern society, medical care is something that we all must be able to access, just as the basic needs of having air, food, and life. We frequently accept certain words or phrases, without realizing the full definition of the meaning. We should not be bogged down in the terminology of â€Å"rights or privilege†. â€Å"Human rights† are not the same as â€Å"constitutional rights†, as individuals, human rights are what we need for existence by virtue of being human. Some of us are taller, sma rter, or slower, but as human beings we are all equal, as our constitution states. We hold the protection of the human rights in high regard in our country, how can we not protect a quality of healthcare for our citizens as well? Our nation has provided healthcare â€Å"entitlements† for the elderly, the disabled, and the very young for years, is the stretch to universal care for all ages really that far out of reach for humanitarian reasons, after all we do not just live in an economy but in a society. All humans are vulnerable to disease, so would we not all benefit socially and fiscally by the pooling of our resources to protect ourselves from the hazards of life’s unknown’s. America is one of the few advanced countries that have no healthcare system that cares for its people. A country that is in the forefront ... ...vailable at this time. This lack of basic healthcare is one of our nation’s great social inequities. Blaming the poor seems to be the scapegoat of those who believe that healthcare is privilege and they do not offer any solutions of dealing with the under or uninsured. As a culture that expects quality care, we need to as a whole, create a basic healthcare system that will provide the highest standard of care and wellbeing of our upcoming generations. Our health is central to our quality of life, our independence, and even in the â€Å"pursuit of happiness† that our United States Constitution guarantees’ its citizens, many who have given their lives to protect that right. Providing a uniform basic health system is a â€Å"human right† that will serve as a resource that will enrich all of society and the common good. Health is our true wealth and it is best when it is shared.

The House On MAngo Street Essay example -- essays research papers

Everyone has specific characteristics and qualities that make them the way they present themselves. Young, middle-aged, and old people are constantly forming the essentials that affect their self-awareness through their daily activities. Forming one’s identity is an ongoing process, because every person in the world can change people one way or another. In The House on Mango Street, the experiences young Esperanza faced day to day develop her true individuality. Young people are easily persuaded and if someone so desired, they could mold them into the person they want. Commonly, young children develop their identity from going the school, playing with other children, and from their home life. When children go to school, if they are teased for being ethnic, colored, unkempt or anything else, this could cause them to be introverted, or ashamed of how they present themselves. On the other hand, the constant teasing from schoolmates may begin to brew strong feelings of anger. If they are rejected by society, when they are just starting to form an identity, this will probably have a negative effect upon them and their surrounding communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The identity, also, comes largely from the family, neighborhood and a small crowd of friends. A supportive and functional home life will be positive to a little child’s identity. If children see their parents fighting, the neighborhood they live in is a slum, they are around drugs and addictions, and then most...

Essay --

The problems of hunger and starvation touch the lives of millions around the globe, and one of the main causes of hunger is overpopulation. One typical case is India which currently the world's second most populous country. It could be said that one-fourth of the this world's hungry live in India which according to the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) the number of ‘hungry’ people in India at 230 million (Deolalikar 2012). The Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2010 ranks India at 67 out of 112 countries; whereas ‘2012 GHI’ (IFPRI) ranks it at 65 among 79 countries. Briefly, all measures point to the hard fact that hunger continues to affect adversely to a majority of the Indian population. (Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development (AVARD) 2012). One method of solving hunger in India is â€Å"promote agricultural development by increasing investments†. Most commentators and policy makers claim that involvement in agriculture help to reduce hunger in two key criteria: 1. Increasing production of staple foods at prices that poor people can afford. 2. Creating employment opportunities and higher incomes in rural areas that will give poor people the means to access food (Agriculture and Natural Resources Team of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) 2004). India's strategy to combat financial condition and hunger has always given great importance to the agricultural sector, because of 70 percent of the population lives in rural areas and the vast majority of them depend on agriculture as their primary source of income (Montek S. Ahluwalia 2012). Acharya (2009, 4) claim that India addressed the situation of hunger and food insecurity across the two measures of long term and short term. Long-term strateg... ...ttention . If this issue is overlooked, it may provoke a repeat of the hunger of 1943, which emerged in the untimely deaths of approximately three million Indian inhabitants (Jamil 2009, 70).The solution of promoting investment in agriculture has the potential to solve the incessant problem of hunger in India. By utilizing modern biotechnology to agriculture, farmers would be making a great surge towards eliminating poverty, bettering health conditions, and embellishing the quality of life for Indian citizens. Developing a modern rural development strategy for hunger reduction in India in the coming decades requires realization of institutional and technological changes. All of this requires a fresh initiative for recognising and enforcing the applicable actions for comprehensive agricultural and rural development in India that are home to the poorest and hungriest.

How to Do a Jedi Mind Trick

How To Do A Jedi Mind Trick Everyone wants to be persuasive. It is the power of influence, and gives you the ability to sway one's mind. After you have learned the proven Jedi Mind Trick method, you will have increased your ability to use your persuasive powers. The Jedi Mind Trick is an ancient method used and taught by those attuned with the Force. The Force is a metaphysical power that is contained in all beings and things, and enhances mental abilities. By using the Force along with a well practiced Jedi Mind Trick, you can learn to non-violently manipulate a target's thought.The first step is confidence. When combining self confidence with fast talking, your audience will struggle in finding flaws in your argument and will be forced to agree with you. Confidence is also synonyms with expertise. Once others believe that you is actual fact, they will think that you are right and will follow you. You will achieve true confidence when you also believe what know and believe what you say. Body language is the second step of the Jedi Mind Trick.Using slight head and hand gestures to help send subtle, yet powerful, messages to your audience. These help create emphasis on the choice you want your target to make. You want the individual to feel as though they are making the suggestion or coming up with the idea themselves. Once you feel that they are catching on, reinforce the idea by telling your target what a good one it is and frame it positively. Please keep in mind that some individuals with highly developed mental facilities are resistant to the Force and Jedi Mind Tricks.Examples include mothers, nerdier older brothers, and George Lucas. George Lucas cannot by affected negatively by the Force, because he created the Force and is therefore impermeable. If you are ever caught in a failed Jedi Mind Trick, quickly abandon your attempt and continue honing your abilities on weaker targets. Do not lose hope as you will need to practice your skills and apply them to day to day interactions in order to be successful. The uses for the Jedi Mind Trick are limitless.Those who have successfully practiced this great ability have been able to reap the rewards. Applying these steps have helped many get out of traffic citations, receive phone numbers from potential dates, and have been given seats at their favorite exclusive restaurant without a reservation. These are just a couple of example that have helped so many change their lives. Once you have integrated these simple steps into your daily live, you can easily combat those slight annoyances that may be holding you back from enjoying the life that you deserve.

Consumer Law in Mauritius

TABLE OF contents Ac familiarityments. rapsc altogetherion 2 Sources And References.. rascal 3 The let outcome of Consumers in society. foliate 4 The Consumer viewed in an economical mountain range.. rascal 4 ? Relationship amidst the consumer and the pauperization and give theory. Page 4 ? Factors influencing implore.. Page 5 What is Consumer faithfulness?. .. Page 6 why the need for Consumer salutaryeousness of spirits? .. Page 6 Consumer vulnerability..Page 6 The Implications of Consumer LawsPage 7 The Socio-economic evolution of MauritiusPage 8 ? A brief history of Mauritius economy Page 8 ? Consumer egis exertion 1998 ( whatsoever constituents) Page 9 ? Fair art acquit 1988.. Page 11 ? Breakthrough in the Consumer protective c all oer LawsPage 13 ? ACIM as an advocate of consumer viandssPage 14 The skilful to estimable Environment. Page 15 The right to refuge..Page 16 The end nonePage 17 Acknowledgements Our team would first of all bid to conv ey Dr. Jankee for this opportunity of evaluating ourselves in a heavens completely un proveed to us and to venture into the different aspects of our topic for a greater assureing. We would to a fault like to thank Mr. Jayen Chellum ( Director Of ACIM ) for his unconditional support and pertain into making us to a greater extent aw ar of the threats to consumers in the Mauritian context and for presentation us the path to take for the closing of this group assignment.Last exclusively non the least, we ar utterly grateful to Mr. Kailash Trilochun ( Barrister ), for his thrust into demonstrating to us the legal aspects and implications of our project. 2 Sources and References ? study Achievements of ACIM Stat Sheet ? Consumer Law ( Key Facts ) decl atomic number 18 ? http//www. geocities. com ? http//www. google. com ? http//www. wikipedia. org ? http//www. supremecourt. mu ? http//www. wiki. answers. com ? http//openlearn. open. ac. uk ? http//www. bized. co. uk ? ttp/ /tutor2u. net 3 CONSUMER LAW The Emergence of Consumers in society In antediluvian cadences the countries of the world were governed by bushel figures. Kings, emperors, sovereigns, rulers or whatever way they were entitled, wear the comparable similarity that is all of them use up their respective countries as chiefs. The people had to continue by the form of laws and the word of those individualistic characters and possess no tangible rights. They were on that pointfore hardened by rulers as pawns on a checker board.The condition of the people and their absence of rights stayed constant with the advent of a stark naked type of social structure, the communist society. As centuries went by, the people became much than awargon of popular methods and such(prenominal)(prenominal) more knowledgeable of the comparison of most other benevolent organisms in legal injury of gender, ethnicity and so on. This caused a revolution on a ball-shaped scale as the rights of e ach and every human being creation started to be acknowledged and prize. With the emergence of a series of co stil beavererol of conduct, later guessed as Laws, people began to enjoy a more civilized vivificationstyle.Trade became more stock(a) and people relished the buying and exchange of goods and go which ultimately resulted in the buyers of goods and expediencys being tagged as consumers. The Consumer viewed in an economical scope A consumer, as delimit by the doctrine, is an individual who enters into a action primarily for personal, family or household purchases. to date in m all routine cases a consumer is not necessarily a emptor in the real sense of the term a consumer could excessively be soulfulness enjoying in the public eye(predicate) and free facilities and yet pick outing a top notch whole step and the same bars as goods or goods they pay for.Relationship between the consumer and the pauperism and summarize theory A consumer is and so antic ipate to be someone who is a quick-scented decision postulater and who seeks to maximize value and frankincense buys in accordance to his postulate and wants for a greater satisfaction rate. 4 It is an undeniable fact that the consumer represents the demand in an economy hence the greater the bod of consumers, the greater the demand for proceedss thus implying that the amplification or decrease of consumers can outright affect demand in a proportional way.This detail all the way demonstrates that the viability of a certain commercialize depends on the demand from those very consumers hereby entailing that not wholly does the consumer affect the demand just also has a great impact on the bring home the bacon factor. In the instance of a shoe making factory, if the consumers, (here signifying demand), for the shoe industry fall in rate, then the supply for that accompaniment good also produces from this neediness in demand rate.In such a case, the consequent scenar io would either be that the consumers increase demand at a certain point in metre and the factory survives the test of time, or the consumers offer away from that particular good for a long period of time thus compelling the factory to shut d give. As a result this example shows us the direct relationship between the demand and supply and the role of the consumer in find the survival of a particular market place.Factors influencing demand However, we should consider the determining causes to fluctuating demand and the consequent supply before truly ariseting into the subject of what consumer law in reality is about. The particular factors influencing demand be as notices (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Fashion Avertising Age Quality seek Income Size of the population unlawful of substitutes Price of complements These factors subsequently affect the judgment of the consumers and thus has a great impact on the supply and the market in general. What is Consu mer Law? Consumer law is a particular fraction of law which is designed to protect consumers against misuse or both kind of vile transactions as well as providing them with the necessary legal message of obtaining reparations for alter caused by faulty products or forgetful returnss. However consumer law is a complex phenomenon, as it is never complete in itself and it is disseminated and scattered over various plain un think statues which do not promise a comprehensive and enhanced tax shelter of the consumer.Why the need for Consumer Laws? The primary intention of such laws is to ensure that consumers hurt their rights clearly spelled out and that companies which sell goods or tender services can go out the demarcation line between observant and wicked activities involved in their businesses playing period shrouding with consumers and thus happen to clearly get to know their responsibilities and what consumers expect of them in price of quality and set.It is therefore open-and-shut that the consumer and the suppliers or service providers atomic number 18 interconnected and interdependent, that is the supply or service providers entrust on the demand of the consumer as much as the consumers rely on the supply of excellence in name of goods and services. olibanum this inter-reliant relationship makes it indispensable for the judiciary personate and the government activity to ensure that both espial bodies are in an equitable invest, where there is no exploitation of the around all important(predicate) party over the weaker one and this is where the consumer law comes into play.The important branches of law business sectored with the security system of the end drug users and the abuse of and the compliance of these guidelines are firstly the elegant Law and the guilty Law. Consumer Vulnerability The question of the rights of consumers is growing well important world all-encompassing as age go by. Governments shake i mplement m both laws to 6 assure that end users work the same rights as the manufacturers or service providers. Consumer trade security department Law or Consumer Law is considered as an area of public law that regulates surreptitious law relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell goods and services.Consumer protective cover encompasses a wide range of different yet linked topics such as (i) Product liability which implies that manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers are liable for the damages or injuries their products cause in the eyes of the law. covert Rights pertaining to the rights of the consumer but more of a human rights issue about the right to privacy. For example, the right to keep a persons religious practices on a cliquish level. Unfair Business pulls such as fraud, misrepresentation and other consumer and business interactions. ii) (iii) Therefore these laws generally deal with the aspects of credit repair, product pen cil eraser, service contracts, bill collector regulation, pricing, usefulness turnoffs, consolidation and personal loans that may take up to bankruptcy. All of these arguments actually pointing out the urgent and impending need for government legislating to advocate the basic rights of the consumer to have memory access to the best service or goods useable without being victims of all kind of unlawful activities. The Implications of Consumer LawsOver the years, consumer laws have been growing in importance and have boosted in efficiency. These item set of rules make it an obligation on businesses to respect the relate of consumers. In so doing, the consumer laws compel businesses to disclose detailed data about their products or services oddly in areas where the public, which in our case is referred to as consumer, is at risk, namely places where health, sanitary and hygienics issues are frequent. For instance fast nutrient outlets and hospitals are the most common loca tions related to such aspects. 7 hence it goes without facial expression that the defense force of the consumer depends wholly and solely on their basic rights and the laws that regulate the parties involved, that is the goods or service provider and the end user. The Socio-economic evolution of Mauritius place aside the general aspects and characteristics of consumer laws abroad we field a point where we do withdraw ourselves what exactly is the state of affairs regarding consumers and if the laws regarding their protection and fundamental rights in purchasing and enjoying quality service are being respected and complied with or not.Nevertheless, it is of tip importance to turn back a little in time to properly assess the menses situation and to be able to make a comparative study of the situation in the yesteryear and the situation today. A brief history of Mauritius economy afterward Mauritius independence in 1968, the boorish was in a situation of utter distress. big balances of payment defeat, soaring unemployment, a surge population and massive levels of debt are some of the major predicaments the state had to confront. as luck would have it, with the help of the prof Meade and quite a few policy-making leaders of that time, the country somehow managed to obligate the harsh conditions and defy most of the revelatory predictions made about the survival of the country as an autonomous body. Mauritius adhered to the advice of Meade in its diversification process but used its own state creativity and capacity to deal with the pressing affairs of the country.The Mauritian defer invested a lot of its intellectual ad financial resources into hauling out the volume of its people from utmost poverty and sparked a revolution of aspirations nationwide. What made Mauritian supremacy story include industrial policies undercoat on an expert-led diversification strategy, dedicated and effective bureaucracy, the dearth of conflicting ideologies, a pissed benefit state, human faced morphological adjustment, successful demographic control, tapping of preferential 8 rrangements, economics of ethnicity and cultures and a habit for institutional engineering. Nevertheless it is an undeniable fact that with the runner of this new technological, fast-tracked and globalization oriented era, new challenges are surfacing and along with them the uncertainties and queries regarding the cause and nature of democracy in the approach age. As such, in the Mauritian context, the consumer is protect under some legislative laws. Amongst other, the Consumer tribute number 1998 and the Fair Trading cloak 1988.Below, here are some sections of the Consumer shield action of 1998 and the full version of the implemented Fair Trading turn of events 1988. Consumer fortress flirt 1998 (some sections) 3. Maximum worth (1) The minister of religion may, by regulations, fix the price of all goods condition in the First Schedule. A dealer who sells or supplies both controlled goods at a price soaringer than that which has been laid shall accuse an offence. (2) 4. (1) Maximum mark-up The subgenus Pastor may, by regulations, determine the maximal markup of any goods specified in the Second Schedule.A trader who sells or supplies any controlled goods at a price which includes a mark-up which exceeds the level best mark-up shall redact an offence. Maximum recommended retail price (1) The Minister may establish a jurisprudence of Practice to provide for the method to be adopted for the determination of the maximum recommended retail price of goods other than controlled goods and, where he intends to do so, he shall give notice of the law of Practice by its publication in the Gazette. 9 (2) 5. (2) Where a Code of Practice has been established under branch (1), no trader shall act in develop of the Code of Practice.A trader who sells or supplies any goods for which there is a maximum recommended retail price sha ll plaster over a label in a indiscreet place on a exemplar on any such goods indicating the maximum recommended retail price. A trader who affixes, in relation to goods referred to in subsection (1), a maximum recommended retail price provided for in the Code of Practice shall commit an offence. (3) (4) 6. iniquitous charging of tub A trader who, whilst selling or supplying any goods (a) charges ad valorem tax where VAT is not guilty by him (b) (b) charges a higher rate or amount of VAT than is lawfully chargeable, shall commit an offence. . Price label (1) Where VAT is chargeable by a trader in respect of any goods, the trader shall affix a label in a man-sized place on a archetype of the goods indicating the total selling price of the goods inclusive of VAT. (2) Where VAT is not chargeable by a trader on any goods, the trader shall affix a label in a conspicuous place on a specimen of the goods indicating (a) the selling price and (1,) that the amount of VAT is NIL. (3) (4) A trader who fails to keep up with subsection (1) or (2) shall commit an offence.For the purposes of this section, the Minister may prescribe the form or comment of a label or any distinctive mark which such label shall bear. 10 8. Selling at a price higher than that displayed (1) No trader shall sell any goods at a price which is higher than the price shown on a label affixed pursuant(predicate) to section 7. A person who fails to comply with subsection (1) shall commit an offence. (2) 9. jerry-built price indication A trader who gives (by any means whatever) to any consumer an indication which is lead astray as to the price at which any goods are sold or supplied shall commit an offence.Fair Trading mould 1988 1. gyp title. This Act may be cited as the Fair Trading (Amendment) Act 1988. 2. Interpretation. In this Act forefront Act means the Fair Trading Act. 3. Section 6 of the important Act amended. Section 6 of the principal Act is amended by adding immediately afte r the word challenger the speech communication or of promoting, establishing or observant any exclusive sales pact or monopoly in connection with the employment and supply of goods, branded or otherwise, or of services. 4.Section 13 of the principal Act amended. Section 13 of the principal Act is amended by deleting the actors line not exceeding 10,000 rupees and replacing them by the words not less than 10,000 rupees and not exceeding 50,000 rupees. 11 5. Section 14 of the principal Act amended. Section 14 of the principal Act is amended by deleting the words and to imprisonment for a term and replacing them by the words together with a term of imprisonment. These pieces of legislative law are here to protect consumers against abuse. being a mixed law, some of the laws have been translated into English as in many issues it is the Code Civil Mauricien and the Code de affair which is generally used. At inter case level, oddly in England, protection in wrong law falls into three main categories (i) (ii) (iii) Un untroubled goods- Consumer Protection Act 1987 vocalisation II and the General Product Safety Ragulations 1994 Trade Description Act 1968 Misleading price- Consumer Protection Act 1987 Part tierce Then again, the position of Mauritius concerning Consumer protection laws, ts practice and enforcement are contemptible and our small bud island lags behind in the specific field as compared to countries such as France, the fall in Kingdom, and the United States. In this light, our current system lacks the administrative machinery for a strong consumer umbrella. Our oath consumers are therefore not sufficiently sensitized about the existence and the continual themes of the consumer laws that shield them from eventual harm or abuse by traders, businesses and other groups which are usually better equipped and more resourceful than the general consummating public.Consequently, the lack of knowledge about these laws creates a situation where the a nalphabetic consumer has to face new sales techniques, unkind publicity and marketing of a large variety of goods and services in the market, such that the latter is in no position to assess the defects and shortcomings that might be put in therein. On the other hand, the suppliers are tempted to follow diverse cheating(prenominal) practices such as sub-standard quality, adulteration, incorrect quantity and excess pricing amongst others. 2 Breakthrough in the Consumer Protection Laws It would however be unjust to peck at the work of our Legislature who has made some(prenominal) provisions in accordance with the consumer welfare state and the demand and supply for consumer goods and services, as a result of the expansion in technological and industrial fields. The Legislature enacted laws intend to protect the consumer against deceit, injury and exploitation, among which are 1. The Civil Code 2. The Hire Purchase Act 1964 3.The Supplies Control Act 1972 4. The Fair Trading Act 1 979 5. The Trade Marks Act 6. The Consumer Protection Act 1991 7. The Consumer Protection (Price and Supplies Control) Act 1998 8. The Food Act 1998 The Consumer Protection Act of 15 June 1991 seeks to extend the ambit of protection to the consumer and eventually develop into the proper soundty of the consumer. Regrettably, its aims are less achievable as the application is express mail to certain products save. (Refer to S3 (2)). Sect. Consumer Protection Act The General Safety Requirements (1) No person shall apply any goods which suffer from any fault with regard to any prescribed quality, quantity, potency, priority or standard or in the case of any machinery or motor vehicle, with regard to the quality, nature or manner of its performance. (2) This section shall not apply to(a) growing crops or things comprised in land by merit of being attached to it (b) water, food, animal feed or chemical fertilizer (c) aircraft 13 (d) drugs or medicine (e) tobacco and (f) goods mean exclusively for export under the exportation Processing Zone Certificate.A more considerable addition to the existent consumer laws is found in section 5 of the Consumer Protection Act which endows the enforcement authority with a meagerly additional power of control over the supply of goods which might not invulnerable for use or consumption. This Act has mainly repeated fundamental provisions of other laws without concretely solving new practical(a) problems, for example, in the revision of standards in contract. Moreover, consumer forepart is more accessible to the elitist community and fails to remember the masses, who are the real victims of the system since they are confronted to financial constraint.ACIM as an advocate of consumer rights Fortunately some particular consumer oriented private organisations have stepped forward for the rights of the end user but the most recognisable of these organisations is most probably lAssociation des Consommateurs de lIle Maurice (AC IM), who has made a praiseworthy effort into making the most regarding the protection of the consumer, the needs of the Mauritian consumer and has aroused a lot of questions about certain government practices which could prove to be prejudicial to the consumer.Thus ACIM has not only created a means of assistance to the public in matters relations with the abuse and violation of consumer protection laws but has also proved to be the acting watchdog in hindering practices (again referring to the unfair business practices), that are detrimental to the consummating community, be it governmental decisions or supply and service provider faults. Also, this particular association has over the years stressed on a number of disturbing facts and alarming situations about the Mauritian consumer laws and their adherence.One such trouble and at the same time untoward fact is that the laws concerning the rights and the protection of the consumer are too decentralized, that is the local autho rities that include municipal or district councils each have their own respective ways of rendering the laws in their areas of jurisdiction. In so doing, the consumer laws are in a certain sense baffled by territory issues, disdain the fact that Mauritius is seen as a intimately small island, making it not only difficult to understand exactly what laws are applied 14 n the fill of the consumer in different regions but also to deal with the various implications the laws hold in their relevant territories. Below are a few of the major achievements and projects of ACIM in the past years 1. In 1992, ACIM in hamper with other NGOs succeeded in holding the proposal for the construction of a nuclear power station by the Minister of Engery, on grounds that it would both be uneconomical and milieually unsound. 2.In 1990, ACIM won a major triumph against the Central Electricity Board when this public enterprise was ordered by a Supreme Court judgment to repay 182,777 electrical energy consumers for the unlawful double bearing of electricity charged for the month of June 1986. The total amount reimbursed was 38 Million Rupees, interest inclusive. 3. In 1989, the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) change magnitude the license fee of consumers by cd%. ACIM launched a national protest and managed to make the government back for 26% of the consumers.In addition, ACIM entered a court case to rivalry the constitutionality of a regulation that was made by government threatening to cut electricity supply if people refused to pay the kernel of their TV license fee. Judgment was delivered in January 1992 by the Supreme Court. ACIM won the case. When looking at these particular cases, we finally get to understand a little more of just how complex the consumer laws and their applications in terms on consumer protection are. The right to Safe EnvironmentOne noteworthy fact, that should shortly be a major concern to the world in general and specially to our small i sland, in terms of its geographical situation, is the right of consumers to enjoy a safe surround. Is it a sad truth that the private organizations here in Mauritius have limited resources and are incapable of really drafting the governments attention towards this phenomenon that is start to affect not only us but the world as a whole. 15 The need for environmental conservation is seen as a necessary defense against deteriorating quality of life worldwide.All consumers are victims of contaminated food and water supply, pesticide-ridden food, corrupt milk and choking exhaust exhaust fumes emitted from vehicles. According to a World deposit report, India is being pushed back due to its high environmental costs which implicates 24,500 Million Indian Rupees each year in terms of air and water pollution alone. invaluable resources and man-days are lost due to dirty environment and living conditions. Consumers need to understand that only a safe environment can ensure the fulfill ment of their consumer rights.Hopefully, Consumers outside(a), a nodal agency of consumer organizations worldwide, has set up a number of guidelines for ensuring the consumers right to safe environment. A few of these major guidelines are 1. Promoting the use of products which are environmentally sustainable. 2. boost recycling. 3. Requiring environmentally dangerous products to carry abstract warnings and instructions for safe use and organisation 4. Promoting the use of non-toxic products by a. Raising consumer consciousness of alternatives to toxic products. b.Establishing procedures to ensure that products banned overseas do not enter national markets. c. Ensure that the social impacts of pollution are minimized. d. Promote ethical, socially and environmentally obligated practices by producers and suppliers of goods and services. These measures therefore ensure that the consumer is not abused of in terms of environment and that the latter enjoys the fundamental right of the human being to have access to a sound environment. The right to Safety Consumer right to safety is as vast in its purview as the market reach itself.It applies to all possible consumption patterns and to all goods and services. In the context of the new market economy and rapid technological advances touch the market, the right to safety has become a pre-requisite quality in all products and services. For instance, some Indian products carry the ISI mark, which is a figure of satisfactory quality of a particular product. The market has for a long time made consumers believe that by consuming packaged food or mineral 16 water, consumers can protect their health but this notion has been proved wrong time and again due to rampant(ip) food adulteration in market products.Right to the food safety is an important consumer right since it directly affects the quality of life of the consumers. The end note All of these measures therefore converge in the same global direction of safegu arding the basic rights of the consumer that is for the consumer to enjoy the best quality and standards in all aspects of their lives, but the real question we are fain to ask ourselves is whether the consumer of today is even apprised of the benefits the consumer laws bestow on them or do they simply take pleasure in hiding under the shields of a panoply of imperceptible laws?The awareness of the existence of these laws is certainly of utmost importance nevertheless the most resilient interrogation in the communities worldwide should be about the survival of these laws and their enforcement over the test of time for the benefit of the consumer and consequently, the viability of all types of markets. 17