Developing Regionalism

Developing Regionalism 1790 * South produces 3,135 bales of cotton * Scarcely 100,000 white settlers lives in Trans-Appalachia * Great cities such as Chicago and Pittsburgh are still small villages * Land companies start hawking vast areas of New York, Ohio, and Kentucky to prospective settlers * Huge increase in national population start 1793 * Eli Whitney develops cotton gin, designed to strip fibers from the seeds. Speed up laborers’ work and raised value of southern land, opened economic opportunities 1800 Average farm at this time is no more than 100 to 150 acres, due to division of farms* Nearly 20 percent of male taxpayers in southeastern Pennsylvania are single (evidence that young men delayed marriage until they could establish themselves financially. ) * Southern agriculture is in disarray†¦ low prices, land exhausted for its fertility, and the loss of laves during the revolutionary war left Chesapeake economy in shambles * Absentee landlords have engrossed much of present-day West Virginia, Tennessee, and western Carolinas. 1803 * Georgia and South Carolina alone import 20,000 new slaves 1805 Cotton accounts for 30 percent of the nation’s agricultural exports * Human tide appears to grow in trans-Appalachia. 1808 * Slave trade ends 1810* Number of people living in trans-Appalachians grows to 1 million 1820 * South’s cotton output mushrooms to 334,378 bales 1830 * As Northeast’s population and demands grow, the region’s once heavily forested landscape depletes. * Dramatic changes in port cities of Northeast: region contains four cities of more than 50,000 * Cities in trans-Appalachia like Chicago and Pittsburgh hold 30 percent of nation’s population. New York finally establishes safe and adequate water supply with the construction of the Croton Aqueduct. * Indian-White Relations 1790 * Vast areas of trans-Appalachians still controlled by Native American tribes * Federal govt. starts to establish policies that would govern Indian-White relations* Non-intercourse act of 1790: declares that public treaties that were ratified by Congress would be the only legal means of obtaining Indian land. 1793 * Congress appropriates $20,000 to promote literacy, agriculture, and vocational instruction among Indians. 794 * President Washington sends General Anthony Wayne to smash Indian resistance in Northwest. White settlers won against Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Treaty of Grenville is passed, opening the heart of the Old Northwest to white control. 1799 * Iroquois prophet, Handsome Lake begins preaching combination of Indian and white ways: temperance, peace, land retention, and a new religion combining elements of Christianity and traditional Iroquois belief. 1808 * Cherokee National Council adopts a written legal code combining elements of U.S. and Indian Law 1809 * Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa start to warn regional tribes about the dangers that would come. They form al liances and established headquarters and Kithtippecanoe. Tecumseh carries his message south to the Creek and Cherokee, seeming very bitter. 1811 * Even though southern tribes refuse to join, more than 1,000 fighting men gather at Kithitippecanoe. 1813 * Red Sticks (fighting Creeks) carries out series of devastating raids and assaulted Fort Mims on the Alabama river, killing 500 men, women, and children. 1814 Climax of Creek War: While American cannon fire rakes the Red Stick’s town of Tohopeka, Cherokee warriors cut off all hope of retreat. More than 800 Native Americans dies afterwards as Andrew Jackson finishes his victory with destroying the rest of the Red Stick towns. 1820 * More than 1,300 black slaves in the Cherokee nation. 1822 * Congress abolishes factory system where Indians would go for fairer treatment 1824 * Tribal law forbids intermarriage with blacks in Cherokee nation. 1827 * Cherokee National Council devises written constitution similar to those of nearby st ates.Council also issues bold declaration that Cherokee were an independent nation with full sovereignty over their lands. 1829 * Cherokee government makes it an offense punishable by death for any member of the tribe to transfer land to white ownership without the consent of tribal authorities. Perfecting a democratic society 1790 * Second Great Awakening starts to sweep across nation. Americans by the tens of thousands sought personal salvation and social belonging in the shared experience of religious revivalism. * Charitable institutions in the nation are only at around 50. Establishment of female academies starts.* 20% of Methodist church members are black 1794 * Bethel African American Methodist Church in Philadelphia is organized by Richard Allen and small group of black Methodists. 1800 * 20 year old slave Gabriel devised a plan to arm 1,000 slaves for an assault on Richmond, VA. 1805 * New York’s Mayor DeWitt Clinton asks state legislature for help 10,000 impoverishe d New Yorkers/ 1814 * Relief agencies assist nearly 1/5 of the city’s population. 1816 * Women and children suffers disproportionately from poverty, outnumbering men. American Colonization Society found: supported colonizing free blacks in western Africa enjoyed widespread support among northern white men and women. 1819* Depression of economy: triggered by financial panic caused by the unsound practices of hundreds of newly chartered state banks 1820 * Depression was lifting, but left behind broken fortunes and shattered dreams * Most blacks in northern cities lived in autonomous households * In New Orleans, free blacks accounted for 46 percent of the black population. 1823 Proslavery mob in Illinois torches state capital and threatens Governor Edward Coles for his efforts to end de facto slavery in the sate 1829 * One of every 10 residents in Cincinnati was black, city leaders announces that they would begin enforcing Ohio’s black laws by requiring black residents to carry certificates certifying their free status. 1830* Rich cultural ad institutional life takes root in the black neighborhoods of American cities. War of 1812 1810 * Election of 1810 brings Congress new members, firmly Jeffersonian in party loyalty but impatient with administration’s foreign policy and demanding tougher measures 1812 Madison declares war against Britain: due to general British arrogance and America’s continuing humiliation * Emotions ran high among Federalist critics and Jeffersonian Republican supporters of the war. Bloody riots emerge in Baltimore. Several people were badly beaten in the streets. 1813 * Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats British fleet on Lake Erie. Marked an impressive American victory in war of 1812 and ends any threat of British invasion from Canada and weakens British-Indian alliance that menaces American interests in the region. 1814 August- British troops torch Capitol in Washington DC* December- Hartford Convention: 5 New England states meet to debate proposals for secession. * Christmas Eve- Treaty of Ghent ends war, British agreed to evacuate western posts, but ignores other outstanding issues. 1815 * Andrew Jackson’s smashing victory against British and New Orleans- Most dramatic American triumph but had little to do with the war’s outcome. * Nation starts to focus energies around internal development- occupying more land, building economy, and reforming American Society Politics in Transition 816 * Madison signs bill creating second Bank of the United States to help stimulate economic expansion and regulate the loose currency-issuing practices of countless state-chartered banks 1820* Henry Clay with National Republicans proposed more tariffs and internal improvements in the American System 1824 * Election of 1824: Adams wins, marks the fall of the Federalist-Jeffersonian party system * Louisa Catherine Adams: launched strong campaign for Adams in the election of 1824, showing women’s increase role in politics.

Universalism Versus Cultural Relativism

One of the most pertinent issues of the past twenty years has been the conflict between two different ideologies of human rights on a national scale, universalism, and cultural relativism. Universalism holds that more â€Å"primitive† cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. This doctrine has been exploited by many states, which decry any impositions of western rights as cultural imperialism. These states ignore that they have adopted the western nation state, and the goal of modernization and economic prosperity. Cultural relativism is in itself a very arbitrary idea, cultures are rarely unified in their viewpoints on different issues, it is always those â€Å"who hold the microphone [that] do not agree†(http://www. aasianst. rg/Viewpoints/Nathan. htm). Whenever one group denies rights to another group within a culture, it is usually for their own benefit. Therefore human rights cannot be truly universal unless they are not bound to cultural decisions that are often not made unanimously, and thus cannot represent every individual that these rights apply to. Even though cultural relativism has great problems and a potential for abuse, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution. Universalism is used by many Western states to negate the validity of more ‘traditional’ systems of law. For example, if a tribe in Africa is ruled by a chieftain and advised by the twelve most senior villagers, is this system any less representative than the supposedly more liberal societies of the West?. It is not possible to impose a universal system of human rights if the effects of social change stemming from modernization are not understood or worse yet, ignored. In non-Western societies, industrialization, capitalism, and democracy might not have been the eventual outcome of the process of cultural evolution. These ideologies have been shaped and created by Western imperialism, the slave trade, colonialism, modernization, and consumerism. Today’s world shows signs of positive progress towards the universal system of human rights. The declaration of human rights occurred immediately after the atrocities committed during WWII. The globalization of human rights began when the world was awakened to the crimes committed under one government (Hitler), and the need for a more universal system of accountability and responsibility. Through a forum such as the United Nations, cultural differences are better able to be resolved, thereby paving the way for universalism while at the same time recognizing and compromising on the needs of certain cultures. The recent adoption of the International criminal court in June 1998 is an important step in enforcing and promoting the values agreed upon by the member nations. As the world becomes a smaller place with the advent of globalization, universalism makes more sense as a philosophy of human rights. In a world where many people might not be governed by national borders, having fundamental human rights instead of ones bound to certain cultures provides the best solution.

See the instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

See the instructions - Essay Example Nowadays, many men want to have a robust body with six packs, but they are looking for products that could give them what they desire. We can find that many ads these days are about bodybuilding and related supplements to enhance it. These ads work to give you the real reasons to buy it as indicated by the Versatile Whey Protein ad that states, ‘All-whey protein powder that mixes up rich and thick like an ice cream milkshake while delivering exceptional quality and value’(GNC 1) . There are many famous brands worthy trust like GNC products. GNC is everywhere; it is a high quality brand and it won’t make devastating stuff and sell it to the people. Proteins, vitamins and diets are what GNC produces. Many of us saw how these companies use logos, ethos and pathos. Sexy and strong men standing with vitalized body that is what most people see in sport magazines and that is a way of pathos. We also see how these ads talk about muscle support and how that is good for you r body. Cheap price on brand new products are also a form of pathos. Whey protein is one of GNC products. In Muscle and Body magazine there is an ad about performance which explains Whey protein. Most ads are dodgy to trust as they give false cause. Muscle and Body magazine uses fallacies to manipulate the reader into buying the performance booster Whey protein product (GNC 1). These adverts attracts the thinking of the reader by narrating about muscle support, easy mixing and the recovery. It does not show only a picture of a muscular man, it shows a famous person. It displays more than one picture of the products and explains how the product works. This marketing is false because there is no way that if we used whey protein we will be muscular and we won’t be famous. The Muscle and Body magazine won’t put you next to any product if you use it like that man in whey protein ad. The adjust wants to convince us by putting that muscular man. Many of us want

I'm one, Archie Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'm one, Archie Anderson - Essay Example ing fed up – I’d like to get the government off my back.† This statement possesses a tone of conviction and through the manner by which he conveys the rest of his argument in a piece of story, Anderson exhibits an ethos via defending his natural right to make choices and decisions for himself, as a man of the right age and maturity in a free country. According to him, regulation must be fair to everyone and Anderson acknowledges the good impact of the segregation scheme in restaurants and public places where smokers gather in a particular area apart from non-smokers. However, he expresses fervent disagreement toward the prevailing notion that smoking must be banned anywhere for this would entail terms of illegality being imposed upon his own territory and properties over which he believes he has every right to exercise freedom. He retaliates as well against the probability of charging 800% tax-increase on cigarettes which to him is a such discriminatory proposition of the government. It makes no just treatment for smokers and once the state officials manage to accomplish this task, Anderson figures that the government would have a way of implementing other policies in which prohibitions may further affect the interests of non-smoking parties. With the nature of his argument, Anderson occurs to have effectively delivered pathos through the details that communicate concern regarding suppression of rights especially as he sounds democratic in the process. The target audience is the reader who could be a smoking or a non-smoking individual residing in the U.S. and Anderson calls the audience to a collective thought and action by the logic (logos) that if the government intervenes and is able to carry out certain measures that hold illegal an activity or inclination of most people and the latter fail to react properly, it would be as though they would be deprived of right to options and democracy. Hence, he convinces the target audience by making them perceive

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR Assignment

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR - Assignment Example 1. What are the key social trends that might be causing these problems? Try to find facts and figures to support your answer. The key social trends include the fact that employees have largely been unwilling to apply their own selves towards work and this is the reason why the employee turnover rate is quite high at Davidsons. Davidsons is a name that is renowned throughout the United Kingdom and all out efforts are required by its management to make sure that the employees and workers remain on board no matter how tough or trying the circumstances turn out to be. The social trends need to change and this is something that will work in the favour of Davidsons because it will be able to derive the benefits and extract profits in the future. The facts and figures that can be used to support this anomaly surround the basis of understanding where Davidsons is going wrong and how it can have a better and more constructive relationship with the employees that join its ranks. The social trends can only get better when there is more energy and dynamism shown by the Davidsons’ top hierarchy so that success sh all happen in an easy way. Perhaps the attitudes of the officials are one thing that must be deciphered in an adequate sense because this sets the basis for achieving harmony and success across the board. It is also one of the reasons why Davidsons is losing out on its popularity within the United Kingdom and thus staunch efforts are needed to make amends.... The employment issues will come up time and again if the employees and potential workers know that they will be treated differently, and their domains would be sabotaged by the ones who exist in the workplace realms. The social trends therefore have a huge say in asking the employees where they might like to see changes within the relevant contexts. The social trends essentially dictate the difference between the good initiatives at work and the bad omens which have come about due to a number of factors. On the part of Davidsons, it is of paramount significance to comprehend that these social trends are rectified for the best interests of the employees and so that the new ones also acquaint it from time to time, whilst retaining the old ones. The impact of these social trends on employment issues therefore happen when the company is going through a tough time and there are no friends for its basis in the long run. This is the time when the social trends need to be aligned in such a w ay that there are only benefits to gain from. 3. What would you recommend Davidsons do to address these social trends? Davidsons needs to make a number of changes within its fore as far as the social trends that exist within its fore are concerned. This will mean that the employees need to be given more security which they look forward to receiving at the hands of the Davidsons’ top management. They must feel good when they are at work because higher motivation levels ensure that things are working fine within the realms of Davidsons. I would recommend Davidsons to go all-out in its quest to bring up changes because its own reputation is now at stake. It must make sure that these changes do not hamper its working realms. This

Threat of Religion-Based Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Threat of Religion-Based Terrorism - Essay Example Threat of religion-based terrorism is more rife currently than ever before as evidenced by a couple of things especially extremist groups. For instance, the last five years a number of religious groups have emerged where terror activities have been carried out. Surprisingly, these groups justify their actions on their religious ideologies. One example entails the Islamic State, which is the latest group, which claims that killing those of other religions will see the followers rewarded in the after-life. Ironically, the main leaders of these groups seldom engage in these activities; instead, their followers who are brainwashed. Terror activities are synonymous in these groups where unimaginable acts of human rights abuse are carried in the most heinous way. For instance, the aforementioned group has been responsible for a number of deaths with three Americans, two Britons, one Jordanian, and two Japanese among the number (Musarrat & Khan, 2014). In order to bolster its activities in as many regions as possible, this extremist group engages in radicalization. Here, people from many regions are enticed in to joining these activities using propaganda and sympathy. A case in point is the IS tendency to portray the West as inhuman. Additionally, the Africans have not been without a problem of their own concerning the same issue. First, the Al-Shabaab has terrorized many of the Somali nationals in the name of religion. Similarly, the Nigeria’s Boko Haram has proved to be a challenge to the government, and a number of people have lost their lives. Using the same tactics as the IS, the Nigerian group maims and carries out other heinous activities, and justify itself through religious ideologies (Musarrat & Khan, 2014). The activities may seem new to the current generation, but history shows that there have been similar cases where religion was a catalyst to terrorism. For instance, Father Charles Coughlin was

Reading summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reading summary - Essay Example The nature of pre-modern social life was essentially religious and it did represent the society’s collective conscious. Thus, in order to analyze this it is quite proper to have broad understanding of recent religions, which is only possible if we go back into the past and follow the manner how it progressed in history. Religions showed same conformity to some essential elements such as their outside and visible characteristics which makes them comparable to one another. Although in the course of history, religious life appeared to be complicated and diversified which Durkheim referred as difficult to distinguish such as secondary from principal, essential from accessory, popular superstitions from purest dogmas, and the beliefs from rites and even from priests to monks and laymen. With this build up, it is not easy to situate the common foundation of religious life. Lower societies are then compared to more advanced societies wherein the former being simple and with slighter development of individuality makes it easier to identify its religious foundations as compared to the latter which everything is common to all. It is thought that the more advanced a society is, the more complicated it is to trace the early beginnings of religious life. The primary religions then allow us to understand these elementary forms since the facts are simpler, not influenced, and as Durkheim see it as nearer and more closely related to the motives which have really determined these acts (Durkheim, 7). Religious origin for a long time has been known to be the first system of representations. Durkheim believed that in order to understand these representations there must be the participation as to time, space and identity of individual thoughts. However, Durkheim stated that we cannot conceive time but we can only realized that portions of our past

Fingerprinting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fingerprinting Paper - Essay Example terized, the most useful identification systems must not necessarily be biological or biogenic but could also entail systematic tied identities affiliated to ones banking activities, international travel and international communication. These facets have a higher pedigree for our civilization (Jain et al., 1997). In this regard, the most fronted identifications entail vehicle logbooks, residence permits, passport numbers, visas, driving licenses and personal international numbers (PINs). In future, the need to have tied fingerprinting with other more advanced computerized identification credentials will be more meaningful (Lewis, 2001; Hong & Jain, 1998). For instance, the PRADO project launched by the Council of the European Union to register all travel and identity credentials within the region is just an example of databases could aid in better and more meaningful identification and recording on personal activity (Jain, Bolle & Pankanti, 1999). In conclusion, codes like national access codes, personal identification numbers and other secretly encrypted coding systems might be more useful than merely having fingerprint data. Biogenic data that encompass a number of biological descriptions including eye characteristics, blood groups and other hormonal mechanisms will be better options to replace the traditional fingerprinting technologies that might become obsolete with increasing global technological

How significant was the division between the Scottish Highlands and Essay

How significant was the division between the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands - Essay Example It is interesting to note, that the topic of Highlands-Lowlands division is closely connected with the discussion of the British imperialism and its impact on the development of Scottish nationalism (or national identity), as it is a historical fact, that the development of imperialism had already reached rather significant level, but its spreading onto the Highlands territory was prevented by the division between Highlands and Lowlands; although the connection between the division and the Scottish nationalism is seen, the work will not make special accent on this topic, but we will here look at the general impact on people, their culture and the whole future history of Scotland which was made by this division. The division of the Highlands and Lowlands has created a major impact on the fact that Scottish people didn't feel like entire nation and the notion of nation has ceased to exist for them. However, this impact was created through the number of factors, which are to be consider ed separately in this work. The feudal movement, which existed in Scotland, was one of the major engines, making the division of the Scotland closer. The roots of the division lay in the fact, that King David, being active supporter of the feudalism and making everything possible to spread it over the country, has unconsciously divided Scotland into two parts: the estates, which he often granted to his lords, were mainly situated in the southern part of the country, making it more bourgeois and developed, and thus closer to Britain - not physically, but in economic development and culture. It is already by that time, that Scottish nation was characterized by two different languages spoken, and two different political preferences - while the Highlands was closer to Ireland, the Lowlands at the moment tended to speak Teutonic (modern English) and thus culturally to be closer to England. The manners and customs of the Scots vary with the diversity of their speech. For two languages spoken amongst them, the Scottish and Teutonic, the latter of which is the language of those who occupy the seaboard and plains, while the race of Scottish speech inhabits the Highlands and outlying islands. The people of the coast are of domestic civilized habits; the Highlanders and people of the islands, on the other hand, are savage and untamed race, rude and independent, given to rapine, ease-loving, hostile to English people and language - and exceedingly cruel.'1 This extract makes it evident, that though the division between Highlands and Lowlands is mostly discussed through the period, starting with the 17th century, the roots of the problems were already apparent in the 14th century. Knowledge and understanding of these roots is essential for defining the significance of this division both for the history and for the people. Though the later period became a mark of more equal feudal development of both Scottish parts, but the discrepancies, planted earlier, remained to grow into more serious forms, which later turned into huge cultural, religious and attitudinal division between the people of one state. Closer to the beginning of the 18th century, it has become apparent that the division betw

Friere - Banking v. Problem Solving Models of Education Essay - 1

Friere - Banking v. Problem Solving Models of Education - Essay Example There is a disconnect between a more expansive view of men as being capable of finding out the truth for themselves on the one hand, and what the educational system has so ordered as the way men should learn and that is via a one-way banking concept with the students as mere depositories of knowledge that the educational system has a monopoly on (Freire, n.d.). e) â€Å"Education as the practice of freedom- as opposed to education as the practice of domination- denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent, and unattached to the world; it also denies that the world exists as a reality apart from men. Authentic reflection considers neither abstract man nor the world without men, but men in their relations with the world† (Freire 72) e) â€Å"In problem-posing education, men develop their power to perceive critically the way they exist in the world with which and in which they find themselves; they come to see the world not as a static reality, but as a reality in process, in transformation† (Freire 73) f) â€Å"Banking education resists dialogue; problem-posing education regards dialogue as indispensable to the act of cognition which unveils reality...Problem-posing education bases itself on creativity and stimulates true reflection and action upon reality, thereby responding to the vocation of men as being who are authentic only when engaged in inquiry and creative transformation† (Freire 73) g) â€Å"Problem-posing education affirms men as beings in the process of becoming...The unfinished character of men and the transformational character of reality necessitate that education be an ongoing activity† (Freire 73-74) It is clear from the preceding text that Freire discounts the banking model, after analysis as bankrupt and fostering a model of education that dehumanizes. Truer to the nature of man as capable of seeking the truth is the problem-posing model. There are elements in the banking model that,

Epicurean Ethics Essay Example for Free

Epicurean Ethics Essay Upon understanding the brief and general philosophy of how to live a good life from an Epicurean’s viewpoint, I too thought that his philosophy centered around the self, how to achieve pleasure for the self, how to avoid pain to protect the self, all of which did seem very egoistic. However, throughout reading some of his theories and ideas, analyzing them, as well as reading other philosophers’ interpretations, I was able to see how this can be misunderstood if not given careful thought. This common misconception of his philosophy was widely misunderstood because although his philosophy centered around gaining pleasure for the self and avoiding pain, it also focused on not acting upon greed when on the search of pleasure, and only satisfying needs that are natural and absolutely necessary for the survival of an individual, rather than on the kind of pleasure that is achieved by eating luxurious foods, drinking fancy wines, having a high social status and indulging in materialistic things. Aside from having pleasure as the primary goal in life, Epicurus focused a good deal on how to avoid pain as well. In fact, Epicurus defines and measures pleasure not by how much happiness it may bring to the soul and body, but by the absence of pain which is the only way to achieve pleasure. He categorizes pleasure into three different parts which will be discussed later in this paper, as well as how one can have a peaceful and tranquil mind. To achieve the state of mind that Epicurus believes will bring pleasure to an individual’s life, one must eliminate all fears and anxieties over the unknown such as the power of God and how much of one’s life is dependent on the higher being. To ease these frightening thoughts and anxieties, Epicurus believed it was necessary to explain all of the unknown factors of the supernatural such as the fact that Gods have no interest in human affairs and live in their own society. He also thought that much of the stress and anxiety came from not knowing what happens to the body and the soul after death. Being a naturalist, he thought it was best to explain his theory in scientific terms that are more clear and concise rather than something that was mythical and could have been made up. Although he used the atomist theory to inspire his own, he made significant changes to it explaining exactly what does happen to the soul and the body and how there should be nothing to fear and be anxious over. Epicurus was a naturalist and adapted the concept of the atomist theory to his own beliefs. As briefly stated before, he believed that fear and anxiety comes from not knowing the unknown, such as supernatural occurrences, the concept of God, and life after death. Therefore, by explaining how the divine and all powerful works and advising one not to fear the Gods, as well as using the atomist theory to come up with his own theory so that one knows exactly what will happen to the body and soul after death, he believes that there would be much less anxiety and fear in the mind of an Epicurean. According to the atomist theory, the universe is composed of only two things which are infinite shapes and sizes of atoms, and an infinite void. The atoms of which our universe is composed of are infinite in number, unchangeable, and are unable to be cut or divided. It also states that our senses originate from atoms being cut off by objects Epicurus however, believed that our senses originate from our judgments and perceptions of these atoms rather than atoms being cut off by objects. Although Epicurus adapted this theory, he also made significant changes to it in support of his teachings on living a life of a tranquil mind. He emphasized it’s importance to prove that people shouldn’t have fear of life after death because if death means the loss of all consciousness in the mind and the dissolution of the body into atoms, then we have nothing to fear. Our perceptions, judgments and experiences of the world are no longer in our consciousness, because death is the lack of all these things, therefore once death comes there would be nothing to fear or feel such as pain because our consciousness which gives life to all these things would be completely gone. Epicurus encourages his students to live a life free from the stress and anxiety of the unknown life after death, giving them a tranquil and peaceful state of mind. This in turn contributes to his theory that to live a complete and happy life of pleasures, one must be free of all worries and anxieties, as well as avoiding bodily pain. Epicurus also believed that the source of trouble in our consciousness and what causes stress and anxiety in the mind is the fear of the divine and all powerful God. Although Epicurus is not an Atheist and was like most others during his time a polytheistic believing in many Gods, his views on religion and the all powerful God varied greatly from the rest. Epicurus never denied the existence of Gods but held a belief that Gods and human beings had no relation to one another. He believed that Gods were not concerned with human affairs and rejected the widely held belief that Gods gave us reason to live in peace and harmony so that we can be happy and live a good life. He also rejected the idea that Gods held complete control of the path of our lives and worried over us and our conflicts greatly and instead, believed that Gods had their own separate lives and affairs and were always in the highest state of happiness. According to Panichas’ essay in Epicurus on â€Å"Theology†, it is believed that Epicurus never fully justified why he believes that Gods are always happy but says that his belief in Gods came from the idea that we are all born with an innate knowledge of Gods existence. This means that newborn children don’t need to be given the knowledge of the existence of divine power, but are already born with that idea implanted in them. His supporting argument for the existence of Gods is that since everyone is born with the innate idea of their existence, and everyone already has an established opinion of the Gods, then they must exist. Epicurus’ argument against the popular belief of Gods having extreme concern of human affairs and conflicts was that Gods didn’t care for human affairs because they were extremely happy living their own separate lives. Therefore, if Gods were concerned with human conflicts and troubles then they wouldn’t be happy but rather stressed, worried and anxious, which would then make them unhappy. Epicurus’ goal in presenting his arguments using physics and atomism, against religion and its superstitious beliefs, was a way of assuring his students that they shouldn’t disturb the mind because of worries and anxieties over the belief that happiness, misery, and life after death are completely dependent upon the Gods because this in turn comes in conflict with the primary goal of life on earth which is happiness. Instead, he emphasized the importance of attaining courage through meditation on the purpose of life so that human beings can master the fear of death and the gods. A life of happiness and pleasure in Epicurean terms is defined as having a calm and peaceful mind, free of anxieties and worries, as well as a body free of pain. By teaching his students the idea of atomism which frees people from the stress and anxieties of life after death, and the belief that the Gods are not in complete control of our lives and are merely part of their own separate society, Epicurus is able to liberate their anxious and unhappy minds and allows them to live a conscious free life from disturbances and stresses of the unknown world. Epicurus most likely felt the need to fully explain the aspects of supernatural causes which society at the time thought to be controlled by God, as well as other natural phenomena such as how things came about on earth, so that people had a clear understanding of things they had not known before, and in turn no longer fearing them. Popular belief of mass society during the Hellenistic period was that any supernatural occurrences of the world such as the creation of the universe, the existence of human beings, or the world having just enough resources for human beings to be able to survive were all of Gods creations. However, Lucretius who was an Epicurean student stated that the world could not have been created by the Gods because it is imperfect and such perfect beings could not have created something so imperfect as the universe. He proves this idea in support of his argument, by stating that the world in itself which is full of imperfections, giving an example of the large amount of land that is completely useless to mankind but is inhabited by wild animals, or death that stalks every minute of our lives, could have been the creations of the divine and all powerful because if they were, then that would mean that Gods themselves are the sources of all pain and evil. Lucretius also states that an Epicurean must accept the fact that the natural world is mortal, which means it can that it can be diseased with corruption, war, and greed and follows a cycle of creation and destruction within itself. He elaborates on this statement saying the world must be thought of as a mortal body with a beginning, and an end. As stated before, Epicureanism holds the belief that like everything else, Gods are composed of atoms, but atoms that are different than those of human beings. These atoms in On the Nature of the Universe are described as very flimsy atoms that are ethereal, and can be barely perceived by the mind, therefore they cannot be touched. It also says that they exist somewhere among their own nature, which means that they do not exist anywhere near the society of human beings. In explaining this theory to his followers, he did so to prove that there is no reason to live in fear of Gods because they live in a society that is completely separate and different from ours, and as stated before, they are engaged in their own affairs and have no concern for the welfare of human beings. He stressed the importance of this because Epicurus believed that all fear arises from the unknown. The unknown as being what happens to the soul, body, and life after death, and the fear and anxiety over Gods’ declaration punishments or rewards towards human beings. By explaining all the unanswered questions of life, rejecting the idea of Gods being in complete control in the affair of our lives, in simple and naturalistic terms that can be proven through metaphysics, rather than relying on retold myths that cannot be proven, seen, or sensed, he is able to direct their minds towards a positive light in which they can achieve a state of mind that is at peace, allowing them to live their lives in pleasure and happiness. Epicurus’ view on the soul and what happens to it after death greatly varied from the Platonic and Homeric view of the soul. Unlike Plato who believed that the soul became part of a heavenly pilgrimage, and the Homeric view that the soul descends into the darkness of the kingdom of the dead, Epicurus believed that the Soul merely dissolves upon death, which is without sensation. This means that since something that dissolves upon death is free of sensing and feeling, then there is no pain, and therefore there is nothing to fear. Although Epicurus agreed with both the Platonic and Homeric view that an individual is composed of the body and the soul, and that upon death, the soul leaves the body, he disagreed on their views of what happens to the soul after death. Epicurus believes that the soul is corporeal, which means that what happens to the body and the soul is a physical occurrence, and once the body starts dissolving, the soul along with the body begins undergoing a physical transformation in which it also dissolves, the process therefore being void of the sensation or perception of what is happening. The soul according to Epicurus was mainly made of breath, heat, and air which he considered to be made of a material substance. These three elements were used by Epicureans to explain the differences in characters and moods of feeling in both humans as well as animals. Aetios sums up the functions of these elements saying that the element of breath gives the soul the power to move, the air gives it tranquility and calmness, and the heat produces the perception of warmth from the body. Epicurus also believed that the soul was made of an unknown element as well, that is much more advanced in structure and its function in the soul which allows it to feel in harmony with the rest of the elements as well as the body. Lucretius further elaborated on this hidden fourth element by stating that it is a crucial part of the soul because it provides the soul with sensation. Although the soul is the major cause of sensation, it cannot sense without the body. This then means that the soul cannot sense without the body, and the body cannot sense without the soul. Lucretius states that the soul and the body must be united for a human being to have full access to sensation, therefore one cannot survive without the other . This theory is used in support of their argument of what happens to the soul after it is released from the body, which is that since the soul which brings sensation, reason, and perception of the outside world to the body, is released from the body, the body can no longer feel or come up with reason or judgment of what is occurring. The soul however, has a more significant role in the making of an individual than the body does because if a part of the body is lost, such as a leg or an arm, the soul is able to remain in the body and still give an individual sensation, whereas the part that was lost such as a leg or an arm although still exists, it can no longer have the soul be a part of it or retain any sensation. In general, the body can be viewed as the home and protection of the soul, and if the body is destroyed, then it can no longer protect nor shelter the soul, and as a result, the soul scatters into tiny separate creative energies. All of Epicurus’ teachings and doctrines can be traced back to, and are in relation to attaining pleasure which is the main goal in life. Epicurus defines pleasure as not having certain sensations of happiness, but rather as the absence of bodily pain and mental disturbance. He also believed that pleasure and pain are the main driving forces of a human being, saying that desire is driven by pleasure, and avoidance is driven by pain. Although many view Epicureanism as a form of egoism in which all actions are taken for the benefit of the self, and although this is true, Epicurus’ theory on attaining pleasure and happiness can be seen as something that is able to balance out, and in turn, become a life of virtue. A balanced life of happiness and virtue according to Epicurus can be attained by being prudent and having a sense of discernment when it comes to pleasure. Therefore, someone who is able to do this by acting carefully when it came to the desires and the indulgences in life, and being virtuous to this belief isn’t necessarily set and done on his/her quest for pleasure, but on the right path to attain it. Epicurus believes that without the ability to sense things such as the sight of beauty, the taste of food, the sound of music, or the feel of an object, true pleasures and happiness cannot be achieved. Therefore, the act of sensation is of extreme importance to an Epicurean because without sensation, the good life is unattainable. Epicurus also states that there is nothing more truthful than sensation. This means that the act of sensing doesn’t need to be proven because we sense things exactly for what they are. Sensations are also not voluntary and are received through direct contact with an object or thing through the five sense organs which are sight, touch, taste, sound, and smell. These five senses, in turn are then perceived in the mind and can be enlarged or diminished in the mind. He then considers arguments against his theory that say that just because we sense things and then perceive them in the mind that does not always make them true. A classic example he gives is an octagonal tower seen from a far distance is in actuality cylindrical, or a tall building from a far distance may look small through the sense of sight, but in reality the building only appears to be small because it is seen from a far distance. To support his argument, Epicurus states that it is then up to the individual to use reason, logic, and our past experiences to determine whether this observation is true or not. Sensation therefore, is the basic foundation of knowledge according to Epicurus. Although sensation is of extreme importance in Epicurean philosophy, the concept of sensation still goes back to the main idea of Epicurus’ teachings which is pleasure and happiness. According to Epicurus, pleasure is the goal of all things. However, to argue against those who say his teachings are egoistic, Epicurus emphasized on the right kind of pleasure. For example, in Epicurus’ â€Å"Letter to Menoceus† he explains that indulging in the pleasures and luxuries of life is not what makes a good life, but the choices we make when in search of pleasure and avoidance of physical or mental pain: â€Å"For it is not continuous drinkings and revellings, nor the satisfaction of lusts, nor the enjoyment of fish, and other luxuries of the wealthy table, which produce a pleasant life, but sober reason, searching, out the motives for all choice and avoidance, and banishing mere opinions, to which are due the greatest disturbances of the spirit. This quote explains that Epicurus is not concerned with the quality of material things such as fine foods and other luxuries, but rather whether these things are enough to eliminate pain so that we can have pleasure. Epicurus believes that the more we can limit our pleasures and desires, especially the ones that are most necessary and natural such as food and water to survive and avoid bodi ly pain, the more we are likely to attain a happy and pleasurable life. To further understand the concept of limiting pleasures and desires, Epicurus states that when one removes all physical and mental pain, for example eating to avoid hunger, or overcoming fear and anxiety to be free of mental pain, is when pleasure can be achieved. However, it is up to the individual to not become engaged in fulfilling â€Å"natural but unnecessary† pleasures, such as eating more than needed, or having luxurious food instead of normal food. Epicurus believes that this is where we must use our judgment and good reason to pick and choose what will best fulfill our needs without being overly self-indulgent. He divides pleasures and desires into three separate categories. The first one is natural and necessary which as stated before, are daily survival necessities like food and water. The second form of pleasure is natural but unnecessary which is a pleasure that is natural such as food, but not necessary such as having extravagant food rather than regular food that would eliminate hunger. Lastly, the third type of pleasure is neither natural nor necessary which refers to fame, having a high status among peers in society, or the desire to be accepted by others. The ability of fully understanding these categories and practicing them religiously on a daily basis will direct one to a life that is free of bodily pain and mental disturbance. Epicurus defines the good life not by the presence of pleasure but by the absence of mental and physical pain. Once the main goal of avoiding pain and fear are achieved, the individual won’t be on the search for something that is missing because all pain is gone, thus, the desire to eliminate it is gone as well leaving the mind and body free of pain and anxiety. Epicurus’ definition of the wise man is one who is free from most troubles. Although peace of the mind is of extreme importance in Epicureanism, one cannot achieve it without being self-sufficient. A wise man, in Epicurean standards is one who does not depend on others. Therefore high held positions such as having political power, or even something as common as marrying and having a family creates too much stress because your life becomes strained with anxiety over the actions of others which are completely out of your control. Epicurus believes that the outside world creates too much pressure that can lead to anxiety because most of the things dealing with the outside world are outside of your control. A life of simplicity and freedom from anxiety and pain are a way of life for a wise man. When one gains complete control over these things, as well as overcoming the fears of the outside world, then one can live a happy and pleasurable life because there is no desire for things which one cannot find him/herself. A free life according to Epicurus also means not having too many possessions because owning too many materialistic things results in robberies which only lead to more consequences and trouble all of which can be avoided. However, what a wise man should do when he is in the possession of many things is donating it and distributing them to those that are less fortunate and those in need. Epicurus says that gaining gratitude from your neighbors is more important than indulging in unnecessary things. This thus proves that an Epicurean life isn’t egoistic as most critics seem to think but rather a way of life in which an individual can live freely without worry. Although the main idea of Epicurus’ philosophy is pleasure as the main goal, the word pleasure has a different meaning than the one we are used to. The word â€Å"pleasure† in epicurean terms means the absence of pain which is why a good amount of Epicurean philosophy discusses ways in which one can avoid pain and eliminate worries, anxieties and fears. Pleasure according to Epicurus has nothing to do with being in the possession of luxurious items because that is not what brings pleasure to the individual but rather a peaceful mental state or being: It is better for you to be free of fear lying upon a pallet, than to have a golden couch and rich table and be full of trouble . † Although Epicurus does not believe in a wise man having a family and advises that one should avoid conforming to society and the pressures of the outside world, he emphasizes the value of a strong friendship and believes it to be the second most important thing in a noble man after wisdom . Even more surprising than this is the fact that Epicurus welcomed women into his school and considered them as potential friends despite the time period and social standards of Ancient Greece at the time. Epicurus welcomed all kinds of people into his school and didn’t look at gender, wealth, age, or social class to determine a person’s worth of attending. Aside from not picking student and friends based on external factors, Epicurus believed that all friendships arise from self-interest: â€Å"Every friendship in itself is to be desired; but the first cause of friendship was a man’s needs . However, friendships can’t always be seen as a relationship between two people that’s driven solely on one’s own self-interests and benefits, they should be much more and beyond that. Throughout time, Epicurus believes that a friendship that once started only as an act of self-satisfaction to benefit the self can become much more intimate and grow beyond the desire to be friends just to gain needs driven by sole self-interest. He also advised that friendships shouldn’t be pushed to their extremes when on the pursuit of benefits and should not be pushed to the extreme if it’s completely void of all benefits because then, the individual would have no desire to keep the friendship alive at all. Once two friends can overcome that stage of self-interest and gain intimacy then all expectations of each other and what is needed for the benefit of the self is gone. The mere fact of just knowing and having a friend and his/her company should bring enough pleasure to the individual to not care about other things that would only benefit the self. Epicurus did not believe that sexual love was of any benefit to an individual and although it can be associated with bringing pleasure, it causes much more disturbances in the mind that far outweigh the pleasures it may bring: â€Å"No pleasure is a bad thing in itself, but the means which produce some pleasures bring with them disturbances many times greater than the pleasures. Epicurus believes that fulfilling sexual desires are unnecessary for the survival of an individual and can be dealt without, considering how much mental disturbance it may bring afterwards. Epicurus categorizes this pleasure as the â€Å"natural and unnecessary† which means that although the desire for attaining sexual pleasure may be completely natural for the individual, it isn’t necessary for survival, therefore it is not an absolute necessity. This thus makes the act of fulfilling sexual pleasure to be vain and selfish, as well as bringing disturbance to the mind. The reason Epicurus advises the wise man not to engage in sexual encounters is because the pleasure that comes from sex can be too intense for the individual to handle. When something so intense yet so pleasurable becomes a much needed desire, it is sure to bring disturbance to the mind. Another way sexual desire can be seen as creating disturbances in the mind is considering how before sexual pleasures can be fulfilled, one must pursue the person of the opposite sex and develop an intimate level of friendship or relationship. With that relationship comes fear and anxiety over losing your partner and concerns of what the future might bring. After a relationship has been developed, child bearing is the next step which creates even more disturbances to the mind, because with children come more external and outside powers that are out of your control which result in fears, frustrations, hopes anxieties and pain all of which can be avoided if one does not become involved in an intimate sexual relationship. How does one avoid mental disturbances to achieve peace in the mind? Epicurus believes that pleasure can still be attained without fulfilling sexual desires by simply forming strong friendships and developing a level of intimacy that would allow the friendship to survive solely on that level of intimacy and not self-interested benefits and needs. Once a deep enough level of intimacy has been developed, things such as trust, loyalty, and pleasure will surely ensue afterwards. Whereas a relationship driven by sexual pleasures will result in jealousy, hate, possessiveness, anger, and bittersweet memories that could last a lifetime. Therefore, to avoid having to go through these struggles in life and living a life of simplicity and freedom, Epicurus advises one to seek friendships that doesn’t require too much of one’s time, energy, and physical or mental strength. Living the life of an Epicurean means living a life of simplicity, avoiding anything that is too dangerous for one’s well being even if it is the norm in society such as getting married, and being on a life long pursuit for pleasure. As stated before, from a quick glance at Epicurus’ philosophy, one can conclude that his teachings were all self centered, however, upon further reading into his doctrines, as well as how other philosophers were able to interpret and justify some of his teachings, his true meaning of a virtuous and good life can be more clearly understood. His philosophies on how to be a wise man and achieve the good life prove how non egoistic Epicureanism is. Although it does always focus on gaining pleasure for the self, it does so only to a certain extent in which one attains enough pleasure to eliminate the pain. Once that has been achieved, going on a pursuit for more pleasure is considered vain, and as I have discussed before, Epicurus categorizes this pleasure as the â€Å"natural and unnecessary† or â€Å"unnatural and unnecessary. † Therefore he advises one not to seek these kinds of pleasures because that can create more disturbances in the mind. His thorough explanation and solution on how to achieve a tranquil mind by giving insight on the Gods and what happens to the soul and body after death are also a huge part of his philosophy. Overall, Epicureanism was a very modern school of philosophy compared to the time period, and the location of where it had been originated. Epicurus’ way of not discriminating against minorities such as women or the lower class, and not religiously worshiping supernatural beings even though that had been the norm in society, is very much like the life he preaches one should live in which one doesn’t conform to the standards of the masses but pursues a path of his own, where a peaceful mind and a body free of pain can be found.

Reflection Essay- Zenur Levon Negotiation Process

Reflection Essay- Zenur Levon Negotiation Process Reflecting upon role play activity experience is an essential ability for all experts to grow better administration and communication skills, disagreement decision and improve future execution. To think back on the play that was directed as group work a week ago has permitted taking an interest understudies to pick up administration and negotiation skill. This paper will reflect upon the part that I personally played in this role-play action, and in addition fundamentally investigate our execution as a group work. It could be contended that our group performed well in general; yet more negotiation, communication and management abilities could have been moved forward. This paper will remark upon the group work, business communication style, and procedures and propose likely upgrades in future exercises. Our groups included four individuals and were altogether appointed with a specific part inside the role-play. Reflecting upon my part as CEO Levon and one of Negotiator, I felt at the time this did not by any means suit my identity profile. Largo and Johns (2008) state than guaranteeing close matches between role-play and genuine identity characteristics will probably deliver positive outcomes. For me, maybe the most difficult and challenging part of being allotted this in this role was working and discussing viably with our group in a reasonable and decisive way. Incidentally, I felt uneasy consulting with other colleagues who I felt had their own plan and appeared to be unwilling now and again to bargain. Looking back, this was one of the greatest difficulties I confronted in this action. Be that as it may, it additionally permitted me to construct my abilities and trust in these areas over the quantity of weeks we were included in the role-play. For me, the negotiation process with the Zenur Company advanced exceptionally well and expected an agreeable outcome. At first point both group shared company brief introduction and before making proposal Zenur discussed Levons current market situation and Levon also talked about Zenurs weakness. As a Levon negotiator we are very much interested in full acquisition. Finally discussion end with profit and management sharing in 80:20.The way that both groups were executing Win-Win an integrative collaborative procedure came about gainful for both groups. Indeed, even through outcomes was lower than our goal, it was over the BATNA and resistance indicates and esteemed please both groups (Barnett ORourke, 2011) and as our strategies was likewise intensely worried with building solid relationship with other organization we trust that we accomplished a fruitful outcome. All through the arrangement each issue was examined on at an opportunity to help achieve a result that was adequate for both groups. Because of each groups sharing data and their inspiration to accomplish a specific outcome made it was anything but difficult to cooperate to achieve common understanding over each issue. The gathering utilized Collaborative Style (I Win You Win) strategy (Bovee, Paul Thill, 2012)to attempt and accomplishes a result that is valuable for both groups. For example we settled down at 450 million dollar commonly against offer cost of 500 million dollars with one board part position in Levon from Zenur staff. The negotiation with Zenur was great anyway it was done rapidly and felt somewhat surged. As we continued through the transaction so rapidly we had overlooked some minor issue that had been not talked about. We could have utilized Salami methodology in better route by putting our request before other organization in parts and slowly (Atherton, 2014). This issue may have likewise been credited to our absence of structure with our arrangement points. Despite the fact that our arranging was finished well we didnt examine that we have wanted to. Through the transaction the primary issues were centered around anyway we missed some comparable issues by not alluding to our arranging from among the bargain procedure. All in all, to reflect upon the part I have attempted among the group role-play assignment, it can be kept up that an awesome practical experience has been learnt and learnt about business communication. In remarking upon the group flow, and the scholastic writing that has upheld the taking in this semester, it can be contended that another sets of information and comprehension has been designed and implemented. Likewise, it has been especially essential to wind up distinctly a reflective essay writer and that in undertaking such perceptions enhances ones as well as improves specific knowledge. References Atherton, T. (2014). NEGOTIATING SKILLS The Salami Tactic. Retrieved 14 February 2017, from http://www.tony-atherton.co.uk/articlenegsalami.htm Bovee, C.L, Paul, C Thill, J.V. (2012). Business Communication Today. (11 Ed.). USA: Pearson. Barnett, S., ORourke, S. (2011). Communication: organisation and innovation (3rd Ed.). Pearson Education New Zealand. Largo, E. Johns, M. 2008, Sensing of change management rulemaking for the 21st Century, Swan Page, London.

Samsung Quality Issue Management

Samsung Quality Issue Management Harsh Yadav   REFLECTION SAMSUNG NOTE 7 (QUALITY ISSUE) Introduction Samsung is one of the leading technology giants around the globe encompassing numerous business sectors like electronics, construction, life insurance, etc. in its portfolio. With its headquarters in Seoul, Samsung Electronics, one the various affiliates of Samsung group has been able to retain highest market share (21% 23%) in smartphone business in the past couple years, beating its major competitor Apple by a huge margin of around 9% (International Data Corporation, 2016). On 19th August, 2016, Samsung released its latest smartphone model named Samsung Galaxy Note 7. Considering the success of its previous versions, Note 7 was supposed to be a major competition for its rival iPhone. Unfortunately, within 2 months of its release, Samsung had to discontinue its manufacturing in October 2016 due to some quality issues with its battery, as there were many cases reported where the battery suddenly caught fire. Impact It was a huge blow on Samsungs brand image as its latest smartphone release was facing major quality issues. This not only affected the companys reputation but also raised the fingers on its research and development department, which is known for its innovative designs. Moreover, this issue was putting the safety of the Note 7 customers at a huge risk. According to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, around 90 incidents of battery overheating were reported along with 55 incidents of property damage and 26 incidents of burns in the US, all due to Samsung Note 7 (Chen Sang-Hun, 2016). Samsungs next step For damage control, Samsung had to recall its 2.5 million released Note 7 handsets (Mozur Lee, 2016). In its official statement, Samsung requested the customers to get their devices replaced at nearest Samsung store for a safer Note 7 device. As it was the worst quarter of a year for Samsung in past few years, the replacement sets also started facing the same issues and the company had no other choice but to order for the second recall for all the available Note7 devices in the market, including the so called safer replacement devices. The company assigned two separate teams for investigating the root cause of the problem. Ultimately in October, 2016, Samsung officially discontinued producing Note 7 handsets, incurring a loss of around $17 billion in lost sales from its expected sales of around 19 million units (Carlon, 2016). Root Cause After this tremendous mishap, Samsung sent a report to KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards) explaining the reasons for this quality control issue which was originally due to a defect in their Note 7 design (Hollister, 2016). In Lithium ion batteries used in smartphones, there is a thin plastic layer that separates the positive and negative poles which need to be insulated from each other in order to avoid short circuit causing overheating of the battery and eventually fire. The design of the phone was such that it was putting a lot of pressure on the battery which led the plastic layer to get punctured and hence the short circuit. This defect was revealed while revising the assembly process of the phone (Hollister, 2016), which had to be done for Quality Management purpose. This was the reason which didnt allow the companys corrective action of changing the Note 7s batteries and sending them as safer replacements, to succeed. Samsung refunded the customers and learned some lessons from this mistake and also made critical improvements in its quality control process. This had to be done to maintain customer relationship. One of the contributing factors for this quality failure was the time factor from triple constraints, as Samsung was in a rush to beat iPhone 7, which hampered the quality considerations in Note 7s design. This also forced the company to re-evaluate every process in its product development cycle (Kovach, 2016).Also, due to the time constraint only Samsung had to stop Note 7s production and concentrate on it next model, otherwise they could have found out the problem and correct it. References Carlon, K. (2016, October 11). Samsung permanently discontinues the Galaxy Note 7, $17 billion in sales lost. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from www.androidauthority.com: http://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-galaxy-note-7-permanently-discontinued-721283/ Chen, B. X., Sang-Hun, C. (2016, October 11). Why Samsung Abandoned Its Galaxy Note 7 Flagship Phone. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/international/samsung-galaxy-note7-terminated.html?_r=0 Hollister, S. (2016, October 10). Heres why Samsung Note 7 phones are catching fire. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from CNET: https://www.cnet.com/news/why-is-samsung-galaxy-note-7-exploding-overheating/ International Data Corporation. (2016, November 26). Smartphone Vendor Market Share, 2016 Q3. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from IDC: http://www.idc.com/promo/smartphone-market-share/vendor Kovach, S. (2016, November 5). Samsungs culture needs to change if it wants to survive. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from BusinessInsider: http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-reaction-to-note-7-recall-2016-11 Mozur, P., Lee, S.-H. (2016, September 2). Samsung to Recall 2.5 Million Galaxy Note 7s Over Battery Fires. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/business/samsung-galaxy-note-battery.html

Henry Hyde: Which Henry Hyde Will Show Up Today? :: EssayPapers

Henry Hyde: Which Henry Hyde Will Show Up Today? Henry Hyde has served on numerous committees and has participated in many of our nation’s most controversial issues over the past few decades. In this way, many have felt Hyde’s influence. In 1987, Hyde was a member of the Joint House-Senate Committee that investigated the Iran-Contra matter. In 1996, Hyde was the Chairman of the Republican Platform Committee at the National Convention, in San Diego. Most recently, Hyde served as the chief manager in the Impeachment of President Clinton during both the House and Senate proceedings. Henry Hyde is often heralded for the roles he has played in these events of national significance. From a political standpoint, Henry Hyde initially appears to be unflawed–what he says he seems to believe, and what he believes he appears to say. Although his views are often unpopular, he portrays a politician of set moral and ethical values, a set of values could have augmented his rise to his rise to power in the United States Governm ent. Unfortunately, this proves not to be the case. In fact, a comparison of the Henry Hyde in the Iran-Contra Affair to the Henry Hyde who levied an all out impeachment on William Jefferson Clinton illustrates many disturbing patterns. The Henry Hyde, whose political image is so aesthetically strong, represents anything but a pillar of political ideology or ethical value. Instead, Henry Hyde emerges as having no regard for political consistency and as a politician whose underlying political platforms are dictated by partisanship. In this way, Hyde has shown a willingness to extend his political platforms to opposite extremes, all in the name of doing Republican power. The hypocrisy that arises in Henry Hyde’s political discourse is unsurpassed. Due to his highly influential and esteemed role in our government I feel Henry Hyde’s behavior deserves to be criticized and the social implications should be understood. It is to this extent that I focus on the partisanship that dictates Henry Hyde’s every move and the hypocrisy that arises as a result. In 1986, Henry Hyde defended the Reagan Administration and Oliver North against Independent Council investigations by all means possible. Throughout the tumult Hyde stood by their side refusing to allow a fellow Republican lose power without a fight. Due to circumstances that surrounded the Iran-Contra Affair, the Reagan Administration and Oliver North were under intense scrutiny. The generalities of the case involved the illegal sales of weapons to the Nicaraguan Contra’s.

Nutrition Case Studies :: Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Please read the following case studies and answer the questions which follow them. The questions may have several right answers; I am looking to see if you have put some thought into the assignment and that you give accurate information in your responses. Please email your answers to me by June 24. If you have any questions about this assignment, please email me before June 24. Case Study 1 Randy, age 36, and his whole family love football. They love to play football and to watch football. Randy played football in college, but now that he has a job at a law firm working many hours, he just plays every once in a while on a Saturday. In college he was in great shape and could eat anything he wanted. Now he just doesn’t make it to the gym that often and has lost muscle and has been gaining some weight. He is about 6 feet and weighs 250. Randy and his family also love â€Å"meat and potatoes† type food. On the weekend they often barbeque ribs and burgers that are washed down with several beers. During the week, Randy gets coffee and a donut on the way to work and goes to lunch with clients at various restaurants. His wife usually cooks dinner—just like his mom used to. He knows that he has been gaining some weight but he still feels pretty good. A few years ago his cousin was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Recently Randy’s father was also diagnosed with colorectal cancer. This makes Randy a little nervous and he wonders if there is anything that he can do to prevent or lower his chances of getting cancer as well. 1. Do you think that Randy is at risk for colorectal cancer? Why or why not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randy is at rish for colorectal cancer. While it estimates that the contribution of the enviornment in people with colon cancer is 65%, the other 35% is genetic factors, and Randy's cousin, and father have been diagnosed. 2. What dietary advice would you give Randy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most types of cancers are related to factors such as high fat and alcohol intakes, Randy displays both of these attributes. His meat and potatoes type food is high in fat, as well as the donut he has every day on his way to work. The lunches out everyday at resturants I'm sure are not the most healthy choices he could be making as well.

Cinematic Technique in the Film Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

'Wuthering Heights' was originally written by Emily Bronte. She lived on the moors and she enjoyed wandering through the moors, which is where she got her inspiration to write the story 'Wuthering Heights'. In 1992, Peter Kosminksy directed the film version of 'Wuthering Heights,' he used camera angles/shots, sound, composition, lighting and character gesture/facial expressions to make the opening as effective as possible. To begin with, Emily Bronte is walking through the moors heading to a castle. When she enters the castle it shows her opinion and imagination of what might have happened there. It begins with Lockwood who lives nearby Wuthering Heights and gets caught up in a raging storm so he enters the suspicious castle away from the raging storm, which is building up very quickly behind him. He is soon told to leave by the occupants, although he stubbornly refuses and after he is offered a room by the woman, he is shocked by someone just outside his window. When Emily Bronte strolls across the vast moor land, a long shot is used to introduce the scene. It shows the loneliness, coldness and the isolation of the moor land. Dark, ominous clouds fill the sky, emphasising the mystery and suspense. The dullness of the moor land implies not that not much lives close by and it is quite a creepy place to be. In the beginning, the music is quite deep. When the castle comes into shot, the violins are added in this creates the impression that the atmosphere is eerie and bleak. However, they also suggest that Emily Bronte and where she is, is of some importance. When she makes her way across the dreary moor land, she is wearing a black hooded cloak so her face is not visible and it is hidden away, this increases the effectiveness by building up the tension. On her way through the moor, she passes two large rocks which tower over Emily Bronte, and elicit the idea she is vulnerable and insignificant. It shortly changes to a medium shot at eye level to show her facial expression of determination, this suggests that she knows where she is going and she may have been there before. It also creates the impression that she is slowly being revealed to the audience, and that they are equal to the character because they are on the same level. Natural shadows cover some of her face This low key lighting is effective because she is covered still partly, so it is suspicious.

My Favorite Healthy Meal

I do, and it's a delicious turkey sub. It's my favorite meal because it's healthy, it fills me up, and best of all, it's scrumptious, all at the same time! This meal is healthy because it has Just about all the food groups you need in a healthy meal. It has meat, vegetables, dairy, and wheat. The reason the meat in my sub is turkey cold cut, is because turkey doesn't carry much fat in it. You get your vitamins and nutrients from the vegetables; and you get grains from the wheat bread.One of the advantages of dairy, is that dairy strengthens your bones. The ingredients needed are sliced, turkey cold meat, shredded lettuce, sliced cucumbers, sliced American cheese, low fat ranch, and a six-inch wheat bread that are used for subs. Before you start, wash your hands with warm water and soap. To start off, you have to get six-inches of wheat bread cut the sub from left to right. After you cut the bread open, take one slice of the turkey at a time, and starting from one end of the sub, line them up across the entire sub. Next, do the same thing with theAmerican cheese. After that, take the shredded lettuce and spread it across the sub on top of the meat and cheese. Next, get the sliced cucumbers and Just do the same as you do with the meat and cheese. In the next step, grab the low fat ranch and put one straight line of ranch on top of the vegetables, meat, and cheese. Lastly, close It up and enjoy your sub! In conclusion, I think this sub Is a great sub that I love to make and eat! It Is a great and healthy meal! I hope you get to make It and even more Importantly, Like It! Again, this Is a healthy, yet delicious meal!

Iago Soliloquey Essay

Iago’s soliloquy essay At the end of the first act in scene three Iago convinces Roderigo to go to Cyprus. Roderigo then exits, leaving Iago alone. This gives him the chance to express his thoughts through a soliloquy. The purpose of this soliloquy is to show that Iago is always plotting and to show what his plan is. Shakespeare ends the first act with it to put the audience on edge and go into the second act knowing that something bad is going to happen. Before, in his conversation with Roderigo, Iago was speaking in prose. However, now, in his soliloquy, he speaks in verse. Shakespeare does this to demonstrate Iago’s intelligence and implies that Roderigo is not clever or of high intellectual status. If the audience had their doubts about Iago’s dislike of Othello then â€Å"I hate the Moor† dispels such doubts. This phrase has an immediate impact because in a soliloquy a character will not lie; in previous conversation the audience cannot be certain if the duplicitous Iago is telling the truth. So, for the first time he reveals that he hates Othello with a passion. Or, on the contrary, Iago might be trying to convince himself that he really does hate Othello, which implies that Iago doesn’t, and has no good reason to do so. â€Å"And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets he’s done my office. I know not if’t be true†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦will do as if for surety† Here Iago does not know for sure if his wife is having an affair with Othello but will believe it because it serves his purpose. Again this supports the theory that Iago is trying to convince himself that he has a good reason to hate Othello when he actually doesn’t. Iago thinks that Othello is not suitable for Desdemona: â€Å"Cassio’s a proper man. † This implies that he thinks Cassio is more manly than Othello, and that people would be likely to believe in him as an adulterer. This also shows Iago to be racist because he thinks that a Moor is not a proper man. Later, he also describes Othello as gullible: â€Å"The Moor†¦ †¦thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. † The phrase â€Å"let me see now† shows that Iago is already plotting; he creates a clever plan spontaneously, while thinking out loud. This is evidence that Iago is clever. His character is very duplicitous, scheming and, above all, spiteful. If anyone did anything to upset him he would take it too far. Iago says Othello is foolish and easily led: â€Å"And will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are† This shows Othello is easily led as asses can be led by merely holding a tender part of the nose. Also this insults Othello calling him an â€Å"ass. † In Elizabethan times being compared to any kind of animal was considered insulting and rude, as then humans were considered the only proper race. In addition asses were considered to be stupid and comical. Thus comparing Othello to one is considered an insult. Furthermore, this implies that Iago knows that what he is doing is wrong and evil and yet he still goes through with it. This shows Iago to be evil. â€Å"I hate the moor† What did Othello do to him? He didn’t give Iago the job he wanted. Thus Iago decides to plot against him. This shows that Iago is spiteful and also jealous of Cassio (the man who got the job instead of him). â€Å"That he [Cassio] is too familiar with his [Othello] wife. this demonstrates that Iago is jealous because not only is he plotting against Othello but also against Cassio. Iago’s plan involves using Cassio’s status as a womaniser in order to get revenge. This could be perceived as jealousy of Cassio’s way with women, as well as creating a sense of poetic justice. To turn Cassio’s own success with women into a tool to bring him down shows Iago’s quick wit and cunning. This is also a shrewd method of dealing with two problems at once. The final rhyming couplet shows that Iago knows what he is doing is wrong: â€Å"Hell and night must bring this onstrous birth to the world’s light† The word â€Å"monstrous† was used by Iago to show that this plan is evil therefore he knows it is wrong and he shouldn’t do it. Also â€Å"hell and night† shows that this â€Å"birth† is worthy only to be delivered by Hell and night; both of which can be associated with evil, as in every religion good is represented by light and day, but bad is symbolized by dark and night. As Othello is black this could also be a reference to racism. By calling his idea a â€Å"birth† Iago is emphasising that it is his creation. This reveals that he is not ashamed by what he is about to do and that he might even be proud to lay claim to it. The soliloquy as a whole gives us many new insights into Iago’s character, intentions and abilities. It shows him to be deceitful, devious and intelligent; while the intended outcome of his plan reveals that he will stop at nothing to gain the success that he believes he has been cheated out of. Before this soliloquy, the audience may have suspected that his character was not as good as it seemed, but by the end of the act they can be in no doubt.

A Severed Head by Iris Murdoch Essay

Iris Murdoch constructs the novel, considered widely to have ushered in the Sexual Revolution of the 60s and 70s in England, with a first person male character, Martin Lynch-Gibbon. Martin is an upper class wine merchant, and it is with him that the novel begins, as we are given a picture of him lying in bed with his younger lover, Georgie, a student at Oxford, in the bliss of a vigorous, sexually driven relationship alongside a stable and convenient marriage. However, it is soon after this, when upon returning home, that his pampered wife Antonia tells him that she has been in love with his psychoanalyst and a family friend, Palmer Anderson. They wish to continue their cordial relationship with Martin, though Antonia has decided to seek divorce and marry Palmer. Martin falls back on his relationship with Georgie Hands, though we are given a sense at this point in the story, that the vigor is no more to be found, and it is reminiscent of something like Florentino’s womanizing in an attempt to rationalize the meaning of the loss he has suffered in Marquez’ ‘Love in the Time of Cholera’. It is Fermina’s rejection that drives him into a situation of bankruptcy, and it is here too that Martin tries to keep the different pieces together, though with a sense of loss that had made his relationship with Georgie complete. This missing part is his sense of security, his marriage of convenience, and a wife that he is otherwise indifferent to, Antonia. It is also the sense of having lost her to his friend, when he had taken for granted that fact that his ‘maleness’ in his liaison with Georgie had made him something of an artifact, a severed head to be held onto by the anthropologist; A man who would not lose his wife’s attentions. As a wine merchant, he chooses whiskey as a preference, and as a Marquezian lover, misinterprets his own charm. What is to be understood is that Antonia can only be truly free when she has broken out of the construct in which she finds herself pampered, materially lack of want, but missing a sort of impulsive romanticizing that will give her otherwise mundane life an aesthetic appeal. She needs to be tested for her love, and this can only happen when another male is involved, preferable someone close to and trusted by Martin himself. Thus, the betrayal is complete. Martin refuses to acknowledge the ethical impunity involved in his affairs with college girls, and the in his brazen pursuit and courting of Honor Klien. His decision to break into her house tells us again that his impulses will bring him no romantic merit, but only add to the tragicomic reality of a middle age well off man looking for sensual adventure but in a society that is already so riddled with misplaced and mismatched relationships, that each encounter will reveal a murkier reality to him. His breaking into Honor’s house finds her in bed with her half brother. This can only mean chaos for him. In his infatuation, childlike advances steadily give him a sense of failure, and slowly, acceptance. Martin is shown in a hedonistic light, and so are the other characters at different times in the novel. The pursuit of pleasure is seen as worthwhile in itself, though whether it conforms to conventions, or places them in opposition to a strangely rebellious modernity, is where Murdoch toys with the idea of a new sexual order to replace what England had come to be known for throughout the 17th to 19th centuries. At different times, the characters try to assert that they are independent agents, and by virtue of being so, they must naturally seek pleasure as their objective. Freud’s theories of motivation in human nature is a slight variant of this belief, and slowly we com to be acquainted with Freudian ideas, as relationships are confused, partners become parents and love finds expression in incest. Martin’s tragicomedy is reflected in several instances. For example when he moves out of their comfortable London home, move into a flat, and then moves back to their old residence. It seems as though his attempt to deal with the changes around him find expression in behaviour that he cannot himself explain. It was later that the pain came, a pain unutterably obscure and confused like that induced by some deprivation in childhood. (Oedipus complex) The familiar world of ways and objects within which I had lived for so long received me no more; and our lovely house had put on suddenly the air of a superior antique shop. The things in it no longer cohered together. It was odd that the pain worked first and most immediately through things, as if they had at once become the sad symbols of a loss which in its entirety I could not yet face. (p. 33) Here we get a glimpse of how childhood maturity plays a role in his relationships even as a 41 yr old adult with a fine business prospect. The deprivation that Martin claims to have a sense of, qualifies as Freud’s notion of the subjection of id, the subconscious, by the ego, conditioning. Martin’s frantic relocation, his breaking into Honor Klien’s home, are all an instance of hysteria, as is his self absorption when he is shown lying in bed with Georgie at the beginning of the novel. Such characterization has given critics the impression that Murdoch has adapted this book for the stage. The plot is simple and it is presented straightforwardly. Ethical questions come up in different discourses, but there is the impression at the end of the book that all the characters are flawed, through together, round and flat, in a given space. We as readers, watch them run around in different directions, emotionally, and sometimes come up against each other. To say that â€Å"the proper value is whatever gives you pleasure† is to say that â€Å"the proper value is whatever you happen to value†. Indeed, people begin to value different things at different times in the novel, and each change in heart raises moral questions. The symbol of the severed head, something that greatly fascinates Honor Klien, as a Lecturer of Anthropology, is something that Martin finds himself becoming. A severed head such as primitive tribes and old alchemists used to use anointing it with oil and putting a morsel of gold upon its tongue to make it utter prophecies. † He feels his adornment is something artificial that has been used to beautify a disgusting and decayed object. Toward the end of this novel two of the main characters (Honor Klein & Martin Lynch-Gibbon) are speaking after Martin discovers a secret about Honor, and she says to him â€Å"because of what I am and because of what you saw I am a terrible object of fascination for you. I am a severed head such as primitive tribes and old alchemists used to use, anointing it with oil and putting a morsel of gold upon its tongue to make it utter prophecies. And who knows but that long acquaintance with a severed head might not lead to strange knowledge. For such knowledge one would have paid enough. But that is remote from love and remote from ordinary life. As real people we do not exist for each other. † (182) The severed head can also be seen as a symbol of the Castration anxiety. It would be the father who would do the severing, against the son’s anxiety to dominate, especially in illicit sexual relations with the mother. In this context, the castration anxiety transmutes into a sort of mangled turnaround situation, when in the randomness of sexual anxiety, complexes are reversed and uncoordinated. Murdoch draws a close sketch of the other, the victim of the castration, though in this sense it is not so much the protagonists attempt at keeping the terms of association in equilibrium, the careful examination of loss and damage control. The male has been castrated, now he must survive in a world where he had thought that his emotionally charged liaisons with younger women would give him magnanimity over his nuptial vows. This is the irony which has been reversed on him, he is the fallen woman, the Lady who has stepped beyond the boundaries, and who must now experience perdition, a cleansing. Honor Klien is also an agency in the plot of the novel. It is her who discloses that liaisons between Georgie, Martin, his brother Alexander, Antonia and Palmer. Her affecting an introduction between Georgie and Alexander is the final destabilizing factor in Martin’s life, when he is sure that he has lost Antonia and Honor is beyond his grasp, the his final relationship with Georgie is put to threat. Honor seems like the feminist crusader, in her battle to bring sexual freedom to the women around her, an attitude that can find easy significance by her position as Georgie’s teacher at Oxford. Antonia easily fits as her aide; when Honor goes on to tell her and Palmer about Martin’s relations with Georgie that he has tried so hard to keep hidden even after he has symbolically broken away from his London high society moorings. Thus, she must act as the agent who forces upon him the task of reflection, thus reinterpreting his own history and that of the women around him. As Tagore said of each of his female characters, particularly of his protagonists, that they must go through the test of fire to be able to prove their existence in a society that demands absolute obedience from thinking women. Murdoch, as a female writer coming up in the coffee table age when sexuality was beginning to be openly discussed in the London circles, seems to offer a similar retribution of her male first person characters, to which she has attributed the female gaze. The gaze is an important cultural symbol that is seen in Tennyson’s poem, ‘The Lady of Shallot’. The lady can see the masculine space only through a glass mirror, while the man sees the lady, only later and in her death, and passes a flippant remark on her glassy countenance. She, in fact, has become the mirror herself. Martin similarly is an embodiment of the emotional turmoil that his class witnessed as a whole, and the failure of on man would go on to symbolize the failure of his entire class. Thus, while a crusader works on both ends of the sexuality debate, one is the pragmatic woman of the 20th century, while the other is the new man confused by changing roles and mores. Murdoch uses other recognizable symbols as well. The weather often corresponds with the moods of her characters. The dense fog over London is symbolic of his trance like inability to not bring his life back on his own terms. His acceptance towards the end of the novel has something of a Stephen Blackpool in him; through there is no fatalism to his relationships and the nature of his life. He must struggle, though only with himself, to bring about an external transformation. A severed head is sometimes seen as a satire, or a farcical novel, where people and customs are shown in an ironic stance to give us alternating points of view. It is because of this that it is so hard to pass a judgment on any of the characters in the novel. It occupies the grey mass between what we know and whet we are afraid to find out.

Living Environment Essay

* All living things must maintain homeostasis in order to stay alive. * Homeostasis: A balanced state in an organism’s body. * Failure to maintain homeostasis results in disease or death. * Homeostasis is often maintained using feedback mechanisms. * Feedback mechanisms are cycles in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop. * While organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. The term used to describe the balanced state is dynamic equilibrium. * Dynamic Equilibrium: A balanced state created by many small, opposing changes. * Life Processes: All living things carry out the same basic chemical processes. Taken together, these processes make up an organism’s metabolism. * Metabolism: All the chemical processes that take place in an organism. * Nutrition: Using nutrients for growth, synthesis, repair and energy. * Respiration: Converts energy in food into a  usable form (ATP). * Synthesis: Making complex chemicals from simple substances. * Transport: Absorbing and distributing materials throughout the body. * Regulation: The control and coordination of life processes. * Excretion: Removing of wastes produced by metabolic activities. * Reproduction: Passes on genes to offspring. * Inorganic Chemicals: Simple compounds * Water ( H2O) : Most common substance in all living things (about 60% of body mass) * Needed for chemical reactions ( which won’t happen in â€Å"dry† conditions) * Dissolves other molecules into solution, allowing them to be transported through the body. * Oxygen (O2): Needed by most (not all) organisms for cellular respiration. * Released by plants and algae as a waste product of photosynthesis. * Aerobic respiration: Process that uses oxygen to extract energy from glucose (sugar). Used by most organisms. * Anaerobic respiration: Process that extracts energy from glucose without using oxygen. Gives less energy, so only used by some simple organisms (some bacteria, yeast). These organisms do not need to breathe in oxygen. * Carbon Dioxide (CO2): * With water, used by plants to make glucose (photosynthesis). * Waste product of aerobic respiration. * Nitrogen (N2): * Most common gas in air (70%) * Needed to make protein. * Converted into nitrates by soil bacteria. Nitrates are absorbed by plants and then eaten by animals . * Excreted as waste in urine. * Acids and Bases: * Measured by the pH scale * pH can affect rates of chemical reactions; for example, digestive enzymes work fastest in acidic environments, which is why we make stomach acid (hydrochloric acid, or HCl). * Organic Compounds: Larger, more complex chemicals. Always contain the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Synthesized from simpler substances (building blocks). * Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches * Building blocks: Simple sugars * Functions: * A starch (A) is broken down by an enzyme (B) into two simple sugars (C, D). This is also a good example of the lock and key model. A starch (A) is broken down by an enzyme (B) into two simple sugars (C, D). This is also a good example of the lock and key model. Provides energy * Stores energy in plants (starch) * Lipids: Fats, oils and waxes * Functions: * Stores energy (animal fat) * Insulation * Water proofing * Cell membrane * Proteins: Complex compounds that carry out all the body’s activities. * Building blocks: Amino acids  * Have many different functions as determined by their shape. * Lock and Key Model: Proteins must have the right shape to â€Å"fit† with other molecules. * Changing the shape of a protein will change what it can interact with its function. * Important types of proteins: * Hormones and neurotransmitters – carry messages through the body. * Cell receptors – in cell membrane; receive hormones and neurotransmitters. * Antibodies – attack foreign pathogens * Enzymes- act as catalysts, controlling all chemical reactions in the body. * High temperatures will cause enzymes to denature (lose their shape) and stop functioning. This is why high fevers are dangerous. * Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): Make up genes and chromosomes. * Building blocks: Nucleotides; molecular bases (ATCGU) Topic Two: The Cell I. Definition: The basic unit of structure and function in all living things. II. Cell Theory has three parts: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. * Unicellular – single celled organisms (amoeba, paramecium) * Multicellular – have more than 1 cell; may be only a few cells, or many trillions of cells. Almost all structures in multicelled organisms are made of or by cells. 2. Cells carry out all life processes. * Everything you do is the result of the work of your cells – walking, talking, even thinking and feeling. When you get sick, it is because your cells are not working correctly. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. This seems obvious now, but at one time people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living things regularly emerged from nonliving things. A) Exceptions to the Cell Theory 4. Viruses are not made of cells. However, they also do not carry out all life processes; so many biologists do not consider them true living things. 5. The first cell obviously could not come from another cell. III. Organization B) Atoms C) Molecules D) Organelles – Cell structures E) Cells F) Tissues – Cells with the same structure and function. G) Organs – Made of different tissues working together for the same function. H) Organ Systems – Groups of organs that work together. I) Organism IV. Cell Organelles: These are the tiny cell parts that make up a cell. 6. Nucleus * Controls the cell * Contains hereditary material (chromosomes, genes, DNA) 7. Cytoplasm (technically not an organelle) * Fluid/liquid in the cell – mostly water * Helps transport material 8. Mitochondrion * Carries out cellular respiration. * Gives cell energy (Powerhouse of the cell). 9. Ribosome * Makes proteins from amino acids. 10. Vacuole * Stores food, water and waste * Food vacuoles may digest large molecules. * Waste vacuoles may excrete waste out the cell membrane 11. Chloroplast * Carries out photosynthesis * Plant and algae cells only 12. Cell Wall * Gives shape, structure and protection. * NEVER found in animal cells. 13. Cell Membrane * Separates cell interior from environment * Controls what enters and leaves the cell using transport proteins. * Has receptor molecules that pick up signals from other cells. * Has antigens which are protein â€Å"tags† that identify the cell (see immune system). Topic Three: Nutrition, Photosynthesis and Respiration Reminder: All life processes are chemical activities which make up your metabolism. * Nutrition: Taking in nutrients (food) for various activities including: * growth * healing * synthesis * respiration (energy) A) Ingestion: To take nutrients into the body. B) Digestion: To break down nutrients into smaller pieces. 1. Nutrients must be broken down into smaller parts so that they can be absorbed into the blood and cells of organisms. * Starches are digested into simple sugars. * Proteins are digested into amino acids. C) Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms take inorganic materials (CO2, H2O) and convert them into organic nutrients (carbohydrates). 2. Auto = self ; troph = food; so Autotroph = self feeding 3. Photosynthesis is most common form of autotrophic nutrition 4. Plants, algae and blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) are common autotrophs. D) Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms must consume nutrients from other organisms. 5. Hetero = other so Heterotroph = feeds on others. 6. All animals and fungi are heterotrophs. 7. Includes: * Carnivores: eats mostly animals * Herbivores: eats mostly plants or algae * Omnivores: eats both plants and animals * Decomposers: breaks down dead matter and waste * Decomposers are important for recycling nutrients * I. Photosynthesis: Process in which sun’s energy is trapped in the chemical bonds of sugar. E) Requires sunlight, water and CO2. F) Makes glucose (C6H12O6) as food. G) Water and oxygen are waste products. H) Benefits: 8. Provides food for all plants, animals and other organisms. 9. Provides oxygen to breathe. 10. Removes CO2 from atmosphere. I) Plant adaptations: 11. Chloroplast: Cell organelle that does photosynthesis 12. Gas exchange: * Stomata : Pores under a leaf; let gases in and out * Guard cells: open and close stomata to prevent dehydration 13. Transport: * Xylem and Phloem: â€Å"tubes† transport food and water throughout the plant. Two different views of the stomates and their guard cells (X). Two different views of the stomates and their guard cells (X). II. Cellular Respiration: Process that takes energy from sugar molecules and places it in molecules of ATP. J) ATP is the molecule all life uses for energy. * No organism can get energy from sunlight or sugar without first putting the energy into ATP. K) Requires oxygen, glucose and water. L) Carbon dioxide and water are waste products. M) Most organisms carry out aerobic respiration (uses oxygen) in their mitochondria. N) Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, but gives less ATP (energy) for each molecule of sugar. * When exercise causes human muscles to run out of oxygen, their cells will do anaerobic respiration. The waste product, lactic acid, causes muscles to â€Å" burn† so that you will stop. O) Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposite reactions! They are also important in cycling oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and water through the environment P) Common mistakes: * â€Å"Plants use photosynthesis, animals use respiration.† All organisms, including plants, use respiration to get their energy. * â€Å"Respiration is breathing.† Breathing is not respiration. Breathing exchanges the gases needed for respiration. Inhaling and exhaling does not give you ATP. * â€Å"Oxygen is used to breathe.† This is backwards. Breathing is used to get oxygen which is used for respiration. Without oxygen, you have no respiration, no ATP, and no energy. * â€Å"All living things need oxygen/need to breathe.† Anaerobic organisms do not need oxygen, and do not have to breathe.